week 10: adolescence Flashcards
what falls under physical development?
puberty, pituitary gland
what is puberty and pituitary gland?
puberty: collective term that encompasses all the changes, both seen and unseen, that are needed for reproductive maturity
pituitary gland: gland that triggers other glands to release hormones average around 12 - 14 yo
true or false: The growth of the ovaries in girls and testes in boys is stimulated, which then secrete estrogen (girls) and testosterone (boys), causing the sex organs to develop
trueeee
what are some major hormones that contribute physical growth?
thyroid gland: Normal brain development and overall rate of growth
Hormone - Thyroxine!
Adrenal Gland - Some changes at puberty, particularly the development of secondary sex characteristics in girls
Hormone - Adrenal androgen!
Ovaries (Girls) - Development of the menstrual cycle and breasts in girls; has less to do with other secondary sex characteristics than testosterone does for boys Hormone - Estrogen (estradiol)
Pituitary Gland – Rate of physical maturation; signals other glands to secrete hormones
Hormones - General growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and other activating hormones
Testes (boys) - Crucial in the formation of male genitals prenatally; also triggers the sequence of changes in primary and secondary
sex characteristics in the male Hormone - Testosterone
does puberty consists of primary and secondary sex characteristics?
yes durrrr
what is the timing of puberty?
12- and 13-year-olds will show a range of sexual maturation from stage 1 through 5
Discrepancies between an adolescent’s expectation and what actually happens determine the
psychological effect of puberty
what is the sexual developments in girls?
Menarche: the beginning of menstrual cycles
- A girl’s body fat must reach a critical value of 17% before menarche can occur - The decline in the average age of menarche
what is the sexual development in boys?
- The peak of the growth spurt typically comes fairly late in the sequence of physical development
- Boys likely begin to produce viable sperm some time between ages 12 and 14, usually before they have reached the peak of the growth spurt
- The development of facial hair and the lowering of the voice occur near the end of the sequence
how does Piagets formal operational stage (12-16) play into the development of adolscences?
able to think more logically and hypothetically
Learn to think more logically and consider abstract reasoning
* Ex. Problem solving by trial and error, conclusions based on hypothesis
Information Processing
* Process information faster * Improved memory
School
* School transitions
what is the adolescent psychomotor development
Work
In 2022 approximately 927,000 teens between 15-19 were employed in Canada
Relationships
Peers, Parent and romantic
Erickson’s Identity vs. role confusion
“Identity Crisis”
Must consider adult roles
what are the Canadian 24h movement guidelines?
Recommendations for youth 12 to 17-years-old:
60 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity
Less than 2 hours per day screen time
~8 to 10 hours per day of sleep
~10% don’t meet any of the recommendations, while only 5% meet all three
true or false regarding Body Weight and Fitness:
The rate of overweight and obese adolescents has risen substantially since 1980s
truuuuu
is it true: first nations - not much grandparents, great grandparents to guide them with stories, wisdom etc.
high amt in young age
true
select all that is true regarding sleep:
Need about 8-10 hours of sleep every day
Sleep deprivation can lead to:
Struggling in school
Memory, concentration and motivation issues Increased accidents – sleepiness affects reaction times Feelings of depression
- Explains why adolescents often stay up late at night and then cannot wake up in time for school in the morning.
The adolescent brain has difficulty regulating the sleep-wake-cycle
true
what are some recommendations for sleep within adolescents?
Exercise, avoid caffeine, LIMIT SCREEN TIME BEFORE BED
how does sex education play with health promotion for adolescence?
More effective education programs include:
Information about STIs and pregnancy Motivation to use the information Behavioural skills training
true or false:
Research suggests that sex education is not linked to teenagers becoming sexually active
Making condoms more readily available to teenagers does not increase their rate of sexual activity, but it does increase the use of condoms by teenagers who are already sexually active
all true
true or false: Girls who are sexually active:
Experienced earlier menarche Have low interest in school Dated at an early age
Have a history of sexual abuse
true
what are some common factors that reduce likelihood of sexual activity?
Moral beliefs regarding premarital sex
Involvement in sports and other activities
Not using alcohol
true or false: The greater the number of risk factors, the greater the likelihood that he or she will be sexually active
true
has the birth rate for teens 15 to 19 years of age has declined by almost 50% since the 1960s
yes
select all that is true about teen pregnancy:
Slightly more than half of all pregnancies by 15 to 19-year-olds are being terminated through abortion
Children born to teenage mothers tend to achieve developmental milestones more slowly than infants of older mothers
If sexual activity started at an early age
Teen pregnancy occurs more often:
In girls from poor, single-parent, and uneducated families
If the girl’s mother had an early pregnancy
true
what is a major risk with sexual activity?
STI or sexually transmitted infections
Inability to be assertive with a partner may
lower condom use
what is the most commonly reported infetionous disease in Canada?
Chlamydia
it continues to be the most
commonly reported infectious disease in Canada
what is this describing? Can result in ectopic pregnancy, infertility, genital and urinary tract disorders
STI
true or false; Since 2003 in Canada, the rates of new chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis infections have been on the upswing in youth aged 15 to 19
true
what are some eating disorders?
Eating disorders are among the most significant mental health problems during adolescence
Bulimia: an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging
Anorexia nervosa: an eating disorder characterized by self-starvation
what are some risk factors with eating disorders?
Most promising explanation is the discrepancy between the person’s internal image of a desirable body and her (or his) perception of her (or his) own body
Emphasis on thinness as a characteristic of attractive women
General tendency toward distorted thinking
select all that is true about depression: In Canada, 25% of young women and 12% of young men aged 16 to 19 experienced at least one major depressive episode
* Self-esteem drops in early adolescence and depression rises
* Time spent on social media has been linked to depression and suicidal behaviour, especially for female iGen adolescents
* Depression can hinder academic achievement because it interferes with cognitive functions
all true
select all that is true about suicide:
Suicide is the second leading cause of death for Canadian young people aged 15 to 19 * Completed suicide is about 3 times higher for adolescent boys than girls in Canada
* Suicide attempts are estimated to be 3 times more common among girls than boys
* Girls use methods that are less likely to succeed, such as self-poisoning
* There is a disproportionately high rate of suicide among First Nations youth
all true
what are some contributing factors of depression and suicide?
Depression
Personality disorders
Behaviour problems
Family history of psychiatric disorder or suicide or a pattern of drug or alcohol abuse
Some triggering stressful event
An altered mental state
Some triggering stressful event
An altered mental state
An opportunity = pills
is there a difference between Recreational use versus medicinal use
yesss adolescents tend to use recreational
does cannabis affect same biological system that is responsible for brain development
yesss
true or false; Adolescents that use cannabis increase their chance of being dependent
* Close to 1 in 6 people who use cannabis starting as a teenager develops cannabis use disorder - dependent
true
what is THC, CBD and K2 and spice?
THC - (tetrahydrocannaboinol) - psychoactive compound in cannabis
CBD (Cannabidiol) - A compound in cannabis that can reduce memory impairment, paranoia and people experience fewer psycotic symptoms
K2 and Spice – Synthetics that copy the effects of THC but the contents are unknown, untested and can vary product by product
what are the different routes of cannabis?
Smoked dried cannabis
Vape
CBD pen
Consumable
Topical
who are at risk with cannabis?
- Pregnant or breastfeeding
- Family history of psychosis or substance use disorder * Under 25 for brain development (especially under 16)
what are the short term effects and long term effects?
short: Impair ability to safely drive/operate machinery
Hard to remember and learn new things Impaired mental health
Sleep
long:
Lung impacts
Harm important aspects of thinking like learning and memory
Increase anxiety and depression or worsens existing symptoms
true or false: Frequent use of THC over long period of time can lead to problematic cannabis use
true
what is the def for emerging adulthood?
a period of development spanning from about 18-29 years of age, experienced in westernized culture
Big Three:
Accept responsibility for yourself Make independent decisions Become financially independent
5 Characteristics common to those 18-29
Identify Exploration Instability
Self-Focus
Feeling “in-between” Possibilities/Optimism
