Class #2: Theories Flashcards
What are the five groups of theories?
Biological and Evolutionary Theories
Psychoanalytic Theories
Learning Theories
Cognitive Theories
Systems Theories
Which theory contains three families within it?
Psychoanalytic theory
how many pairs of chromosomes does a human cell nuclei have in DNA?
23
how many genes are found in each cell nuclei?
19,000-22,000
true or false: a gene that contains a specific characteristic can appear in different locus and a different chromosome in the individual of the same species
false; always the same place
what protein material is wounded around DNA? what does it form?
histones; nucleosomes
what collectively makes up the epigenome?
epigenetic markers
true or false: when chromatin is loosely spaced gene expression is possible, when chromatin is tightly packed genes are silenced
true
true of false: epigenetics can affect the gene expression to turn genes on and off based on the environment and behaviours
true
what is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
genotype - specific genetic material on an individual’s chromosomes
phenotype - observed characteristics of the individual ex. brown eyes
true of false: epigenetics is the regulation patterns that alter gene function (phenotype) by changing gene structure (genotype)
FALSE; it does not change the gene structure
what is teratogenesis
deviations to prenatal development can result from exposures to teratogens - agents that cause damage to an embryo or fetus
when is the greatest risk of teratogens affecting a fetus?
first eight weeks
what are the four aspects of teratogenesis?
viral infections - ex. zika virus, can pass thru placental filters and attack embryo/fetus
drugs ex. cocaine, coffee
prescriptions can have poor outcomes
high exposure to alcohol can lead to FASD
Environment ex. exporsure to chemicals and radiation (what does mom do for work?) or maternal illness or infection
Other ex. not enough folic acid, diet, sugar babies (mom is diabetic and baby comes out big and healthy looking, sugar levels crash)
what does psychoanalytic theory consist
theorist believe developmental change happen because of the influence of internal drives and emotions on behaviour ex. babies are preset to breastfeeding
what are the two major psychoanalytic theories and humanistic theory
psychoanalytic - sugmund freud - psychosexual
erik erinckson’s - psychosocial
humanistic - Abraham Maslow - hierarchy of needs
what is the Ericksons psychosocial theory?
- believes development occurs across the entire lifespan in psychosocial Stages
- results from interaction between inner instincts and cultural demands
must successfully resolve eight crises or dilemmas which are - birth to 1 year, 1 to 3, 3 to 6, 6 to 12, 12 to 18, 18 to 30, 30 to later adulthood, late adulthood
what is maslows hierarchy of needs
more of a positive aspects of development, self actualization describes the ultimate goal in human life
various needs must meet order from the bottom to top
physiological need s(food water oxygen etc.), safety needs (freedom form anxiety, stability), love and belongingness (need for affection from others), esteem needs (need to gain superiority and respect) and need for self - actualization
what does learning theories focus on?
how experience in the environment shape a child
human behaviour seen as being shaped by the enviorment
what behaviour theories fall under learning theories?
pavlov’s classical conditioning
skinner’s operant conditioning
these affect their personality
what falls under cognitive theories?
emphasize mental aspects of development such as logic and memory
main theories associated with cognitive theories?
jean’s pignut’s cognitive developmental theory
information processing theory
Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory
Albery Bandura’s social learning theory
What question does Piaget focused on answering?
“How does thinking develop?”
true or false: Piaget bases his ideas on the consistent changes during childhood on naturalistic observations of children (different ages)
true
describes an internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with a procedure to follow in a specific circumstance
or
actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.
this is a scheme
what are some small repertoire (sensory and motor) scheme that individuals begin life with?
things like looking, tasking, touching, hearing and reaching
what are the three main processes that enhance schemes(the way we organize knowledge)
assimilation: process of applying schemes to experiences
Accommodation: involves changing the schemes as a result of new information
Equilibration: process of balancing assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that fit the environment (learn what works and what doesn’t)
what is the information processing theory?
theorists use a computer as a model of human thinking with memory processes
what are the sub-processes of memory
Encoding - organizing information to be stored in memory
Storage-keeping information
Retrieval: getting information out of memory
true or false: info enters the mind = output
transformed by mental programs=throughput
used to perform actions = input
false; switch first and last
What is Vygotsky’s socio-cultural theory
complex forms of thinking have their origins in social interactions
what are a baby’s four elementary cognitive abilities?
Attention, Sensation, Perception and Memory
true or false: children are higher levels of cognition are more so guided by interaction with knowledgeable others
true
what is scaffolding?
when an adult or more skilled child teaches a child new cognitive skills and structures the child’s learning experience
what is zone of proximal development?
signifies tasks that are too hard for the child to do alone, but they can manage with guidance ex. a child wants to learn how to cook lasagna with adult
how would you, a parent, create an appropriate scaffold?
parent must gain and keep child’s attention, model best strategy and adapt the whole process to the child’s development level
describe what bandura’s social learning theory is?
states that learning does not always require reinforcement, sometimes we can learn from watching others (observational learning)
true or false:
reciprocal determinism: belief in ones own capacity to cause an intended event to occur or to perform a task
Self-efficacy: human development is based on personal factors, behaviour factors and environmental factors
false; other way around
What is the systems theory?
the view that personal and external factors form a dynamic integrated system
what is holism, wellness and biological systems theory?
holism: the whole is primary and is often greater than the sum of its part
wellness: the result of adaptive adjustment
Bioecological systems theory: talk about development in terms of relationships between people and their environment over the passage of time
Classifies all the individual and contextual variables that affect development and specifies how they interact
What is brofenbrenner’s systems theory?
outermost circle: macrosystem (cultural context)
ecosystem:(socioeconomic context), includes institutions of the culture that indirectly affects the Childs development
microsystem(immediate context) people are exposed directly ex. families, schools, religious institutions
mesosystem - interconnections between these components
individual context: innermost circle - childs genetic makeup and developmental stage
true of false: theories of human development help to explain or predict human development
true
true or false: western medicine is the only way of theorizing
false; there are many more
Erickson’s psychosocial theory: what are the stages of each?
birth to 1 yr
1 to 3
3 to 6
6 to 12
12 to 18
18 to 30
30 to late adulthood
late adulthood
birth to 1 yr- trust vs mistrust
1 to 3- autonomy vs shame and doubt (able to develop ourselves)
3 to 6- initiative vs guilt (try new things, encouraged - follow interests)
6 to 12 - industry (hard working, teachers) vs inferiority
12 to 18 - Identity vs role confusion (parents let/not let us find purpose)
18 to 30 - intimacy vs isolation (love, intimate relationships)
30 to late adult - Generativity vs Stagnation(able to influence the next gen)
late adulthood - Integrity vs Despair (look back at our lives)
Piagets stages, name them from these age groups:
Birth to 18 months
18 months to 6 years
6 years to 12 years
12+ years
- sensorimotor
- preoperational
- concrete operational
- formal operational
match the description to the age group (Piagets):
The baby understands the world through her senses and her motor actions; she begins to use simple symbols, such as single
words and pretend play, near the end of this period.
sensorimotor
match the description to the age group (Piagets):
The child’s logic takes a great leap forward with the development of new internal operations, such as conservation and class inclusion, but is still tied to the known world; by the end of the period, he can reason about simple “what if” questions.
concrete operational
match the description to the age group (Piagets):
The child begins to manipulate ideas as well as objects; she thinks hypothetically and, by adulthood, can easily manage a variety of “what if” questions; she greatly improves her ability to organize ideas and objects mentally.
formal operational
match the description to the age group (Piagets):
By age 2, the child can use symbols both to think and to communicate; he develops the abilities to take others’ points of
view, classify objects, and use simple logic by the end of this stage.
preoperational
pavlov’s classical conditioning (conditioning means learned)
Discovered that organisms can acquire new signals for existing responses (behaviours).
is this a good example of pavlov’s classical conditioning? a child’s mother or father is present so often when nice things happen, such as when the child feels warm, comfortable, and cuddled, the mother and father usually serve as conditioned stimuli for pleasant feelings, a fact that makes it possible for the parents’ presence to comfort a child.
yes
true or false: classical conditioning is especially important in infancy
true
what is skinner’s operant conditioning?
involves learning to repeat or stop behaviours because of the consequences they bring about.
what is reinforcement and punishment according to skinners operant conditioning?
Reinforcement: is any immediate consequence that follows a behaviour that increases the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated.
Punishment: is any immediate consequence that follows a behaviour that decreases the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated.
what is the conclusion to freuds study on psychosexual theory?
behaviour is governed by both conscious and unconscious processes
true or false: Freud believed the libido to be the motivating force behind most behaviour.
true
what are the five psychosexual stages?
oral(infant focus for physical pleasure), anal(as maturation occurs become focus), phallic (genital stage), latent and genital
what is Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory?
Social interactions build cognitive skills - theory asserts that complex forms of thinking have their origins in social interactions rather than in the child’s private explorations as Piaget thought.
