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Motor Speech Disorders > Week 10 > Flashcards

Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the basal ganglia?

A 
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
claustrum
amygdaloid nucleus
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2
Q

What is the striatum?

A

the caudate nucleus and the putamen

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3
Q

What is the lenticular nucleus?

A

putamen and the globus pallidus

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4
Q

Where is noradrenaline produced?

A

the pons

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5
Q

Where is noradrenaline stored?

A

brainstem

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6
Q

What does a decreased amount of noradrenaline associate with?

A

tremors

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7
Q

Where is dopamine produced?

A

substantia nigra

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8
Q

What does a decreased amount of dopamine associated with?

A

hypokinesia/Parkinson’s

mask-like affect

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9
Q

What does an increased amount of dopamine associated with?

A

hyperactivity/dyskinesia

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10
Q

Where is ACh secreted?

A

Basal forebrain
Brainstem
Myoneural junctions

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11
Q

Where is ACh released?

A

Throughout the brain

  • The primary neurotransmitter of PNS
  • The important neurotransmitter of the CNS
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12
Q

What does ACh facilitate?

A

Neural firing

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13
Q

Changes in cognition occur in about ____ of patients with hypokinetic dysarthria?

A

Half (1/2)

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14
Q

What is the function of the indirect system?

A

Posture and tone
Facilitation of all movement and freedom of movement
Changing posture and locomotion
Flexion of limbs
Coordinates conflict of flexion and extension

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15
Q

What are the effects of the chest/respiration in hypokinetic dysarthria?

A 
Inflexible
Rapid shallow cycles/paused between cycles
Wastage of air before speaking
Decreased VC
Reduced loudness
Short breath groups
Fading at end of sentences
Speaking on residual air
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16
Q

What are the effects of the larynx/phonation in hypokinetic dysarthria?

A 
No pathology/ VF bowing
Rigidity
Decreased strength
Laryngeal tremor
Breathiness
Roughness
Low pitch
Monopitch/monoloud
Reduced stress
17
Q

What are the effects of the velopharynx/resonance in hypokinetic dysarthria?

A

no changes

18
Q

What are the effects of the lips/tongue/jaw and articulation in hypokinetic dysarthria?

A 
Variable rate
Accerlate at end of phrases
Decreased ROM
Resting tremors
Imprecise movements
Reduced force
High tone
Palilalia
Omissions of sounds
19
Q

What are the effects of AMR/SMR and MPT in hypokinetic dysarthria?

A

Fast, slow or both, imprecise consonants

Short, breathy and rough

20
Q

What does the early stage of hypokinetic dysarthria (and other progressive diseases) look like?

A 
Identification and differential diagnosis
Maintanance and prevention
SLP treatment (educational, counceling, behavioral)
21
Q

What does the middle stage of hypokinetic dysarthria (and other progressive diseases) look like?

A

SLP treatment (counseling and behavioral)

22
Q

What does the late state of hypokinetic dysarthria (and other progressive diseases) look like?

A

SLP Treatment (AAC, maintenance, counseling/resources)

Paucity of speech
Social isolation

23
Q

What is a treatment for hypokinetic dysarthria that has a negative effect on speech and swallowing symptoms?

A

Deep brain stimulation

- improves general motor function

24
Q

What is degenerating in the cause of hypokinetic dysarthria?

A

Substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, basal ganglia

25
Q

What percentage of dopamine loss does it typically take to see changes in the movement?

A

50-70%

26
Q

What are etiologies of Idiopathic Parkinson’s

A 
Idiopathic
Genetic
Stroke
Trauma
Infection
Side effect of neuroleptic drugs
Toxicity
CO and CO2 poisoning
Oxidation
27
Q

What are global changes of Idio PD?

A 
Increased tone
-assymetry with flexion
-reduced strength and ROM
Rest tremor
Palilalia
Masked facies
28
Q

What are the types of multiple system atrophies (MSA)?

A 
Shy-Drager - undetermined etiology
Olivopontocerebellar Degeneration (OPCA)- no known cause
29
Q

What is the etiology of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)?

A

Idiopathic

Deterioration of brain cells

30
Q

What are two main differences between Idiopathic PD and Parkinson Plus syndromes?

A

Parkinson’s plus

  • progress quicker
  • do not respond well to medication
31
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of Shy-Drager?

A

Orthostatic hypotension - drop in BP when standing

Laryngeal stridor

32
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of OPCA?

A

Dementia
Palatal myoclonus
Disrupted prosody

33
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of PCP?

A

Pseudobulbar affect with irritability and depression
Cognitive changes
Doll’s eyes
Hypernasality

34
Q

Doll’s eyes focus where?

A

The horizon

Motor Speech Disorders (11 decks)

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