Week 1 - Stouten et al.

Question 1

Why did Stouten et al. do their research?

Answer 1

Promote the ability of practitioners/educators/scholars to better appreciate and access the available knowledge -> use (more) EBM

Question 2

What did Stouten et al. do in their research?

Answer 2

Reviewed the N-step model (lack of consensus?) -> identified 10 common steps (and later, 10 principles)

Question 3

Why do you call the 10 steps a “fuzzy set”?

Answer 3

Not all steps have to happen in order - E.g. comm. empowerment

Question 4

What is Step #1?

Answer 4

[UNFREEZE] Assess the opportunity/problem motivating the change -> Diagnosis

Question 5

What happens in the diagnosis Step #1 and is there evidence?

Answer 5

Rational diagnosis/data collection is a very important step for good decision making and setting realistic goal (goal setting theory). Creating a sense of urgency is not supported by research (-> leads to fear, avoidance, narrow focus)

Question 6

What is Step #2?

Answer 6

[UNFREEZE] Select and support a guiding coalition

Question 7

What happens in #2 guiding coalition and is there evidence?

Answer 7

Members should be credible and fit the organization… but the systematic research is absent!

Question 8

What is Step #3?

Answer 8

[MOVE] Formulate the vision

Question 9

What happens in #3 vision formulation and is there evidence?

Answer 9

Vision should be feasible in the eyes of the recipient, easy to comm. emotionally appealing and flexible. The “what” should be a separation from the past (-> no evidence for the content… but, see Venus et al.)

Question 10

What is Step #4?

Answer 10

[MOVE] Communication, incl. vision

Question 11

What happens in #4 comm.?

Answer 11

Role of comm/message in general, incl. change specifics (reasons, change related OBJECTIVES that are created, implication, timing), supported by VISION, to create awareness/support.

Question 12

What are success factors of Communication?

Answer 12

Multichannel, comm. by role models or guiding coalition, transparency, openness, honesty, consistency.

Question 13

Why is justification important (and when specifically) regarding Communication?

Answer 13

Adequate, reasonable explanations will increase perceived need for change and fairness believe. Esp. important when change content is Morally laden.

Question 14

What evidence is present in #4 comm.?

Answer 14

Multichannel, importance of reasons (trust/need for change)-justification.

Question 15

What is Step #5?

Answer 15

[MOVE] Mobilize energy for change, planning, readiness assessment

Question 16

What happens in #5 mobilize energy and is there evidence?

Answer 16

Time absent in research (when?), dispute about incremental vs. transformative change, but change frequency/history matter for perception and readiness is important.

Question 17

What is Step #6?

Answer 17

[MOVE] Empower others to act, enabling/facilitating people to change

Question 18

What happens in #6 empower others and is there evidence?

Answer 18

No disputes. Control through “voice”. Coaching, supporting, moving barriers. Evidence shows support for bottom-up initiatives -> fosters acceptance.

Question 19

What is Step #7?

Answer 19

[MOVE] Develop and promote change-related knowledge/ability

Question 20

What happens in #7 develop ability and is there evidence?

Answer 20

Focus on Abilities (AMO), (team) training, safe environment. Learning increases self-efficacy (“yes I can”) and therefore change acceptance. Evidence: learning is important, uncertainty can negatively influence learning and motivation to accept change.

Question 21

What is Step #8?

Answer 21

[MOVE] Identify short-term wins and use as reinforcement

Question 22

What happens in #8 short term wins and is there evidence?

Answer 22

Requires goals/objectives and use of valued metrics (not only financial). Metrics should indicate future progress, not change outcomes. Metrics should reflect what employers find important. ;Indicators are important, but recipients need to see them as valuable.

Question 23

What is Step #9?

Answer 23

[REFREEZE] Monitor and strengthen the change process

Question 24

What happens in #9 monitor and is there evidence?

Answer 24

Continue to invest resources, modify - right direction (FEEDBACK!). Evidence present in literature.

Question 25

What is Step #10?

Answer 25

[REFREEZE] Institutionalize change to culture and practices

Question 26

What happens in #10 institutionalize and is there evidence?

Answer 26

Visibility and routines. Not a lot is known and empirical research is missing!