Week 1 Lab 1, 2, 3 Flashcards
eukaryotic
cell that has a membrane/nucleus
autotrophic
derive nutrients from carbon dioxide
self-feeders
heterotrophic
derive nutrition from organic compound in the environment
- other-feeders
the three bacterial form
coccus (spherical - dots)
baccilus (rod - small hotdogs)
spirillum (spiral - wormy)
bacteria prokaryotic or eukaryotic? heterotrophic or autotrophic?
prokaryotic
- single cell; has no nucleus; separate
heterotrophic
- single cell
cyanobacteria
(railroad tracks)
- green and shape/structure
- photosynthetic
- autotrophic
two important ecological roles of cyanobacteria?
basis of food chain
produce oxygen
ex of bacterial diseased
bubonic plague
cholera
strep throat
tetanus
what drugs to combat bacterial infections?
antibiotics
what are sources of most antibiotics?
produced by other organism
-usually fungi or other bacteria
what parts of the human body typically host bacterial populations?
gut and skin
what are some of the benefits of hosting certain bacterial populations on and in our bodies?
- help digest food
- bacteria on skin help protect us from harmful parasites
what role do bacteria serve in the cycling of nutrients in an ecosystem?
help breakdown waste products (dead animals, dead plants)
decompose
food products that rely upon bacteria
cheese, yogurt, salami, beer, soy sauce
Two major category of protists
animal like
plant like
Kingdom Protista
eukaryotic
- cells with nuclei
algae
unicellular (peanut)
multicellular (seawead)
colonial (egg with air bubbles)
- autotrophic
- photosynthetic
what are two important ecological roles served by algae?
decompose
produce oxygen
common food items utilizing processed algae
nori, carrageenan, alian, agar, ice cream
Protozoans
Ameoba (ameoba circle covered by wiggly thing) paramecium (centipede) trypanosoma (stomach) - heterotrophic - not green
Plasmodium
- some protozoans live within the tissues and cells of other organism
- lives part of life in the blood of humans
- red blood cells infected
What disease is caused by plasmodium?
malaria
how is malaria spread?
mosquito
Kingdom Fungi
Yeast
- unicellular
- beer, bread, wine
- produce alcohol and carbon dioxide
what is the fungi doing to the examples of “moldy” food?
decomposing
hypae
- filaments that makes up the bodies of multicellular fungi
root of mushroom
Fruiting body of fungi
- mushroom
- reproductive structures of fungi are often used as a food source
mushroom cap
what are some important fungal diseases of human?
athletes foot
ringworm
vaginitis
Fungi heterotrophic or autotrophic?
heterotrophic - not green
what “organism” is the result of a “symbiotic” relationship of fungi together with algae or cyanobacteria?
lichen
what is the role of each member of the lichen?
fungal - ability to attach to surface
algae - produce food; photosynthesis
lichen - provide house for photosynthesis
photosynthesis
process by which plants uses light energy to make sugar and other organic food molecules from carbon dioxide and water
xylem
tube inside stem; carries water up from the roots
phloem
tube inside stem; carries food, mainly sugar, from the leaves down to rest of plants
cephalization
concentration of sense organs in one part of the body
radial symmetry
symmetrical around center of axis
bilateral symmetry
symmetrical - divided equally - mirror image right and left side
Kingdom Plantae
- multicellular
- eukaryotic
- autotrophic
- color green
what process do plants generate their energy?
photosynthesis
what materials are needed by the plants to perform photosynthesis (reaction)?
CO2 and H20
carbon dioxide and water
what are the end product of photosynthesis?
O2
oxygen
Three major parts of plants
roots
stems
leaves
function of roots
provide anchorage and absorb water and mineral nutrients from the soil
function stem
bear leaves; holds leaves up so it can absorb sunlight
- highway/conduit between roots and leaves
function of leaves
obtain CO2 from the air and light from the sun, enabling to preform photosynthesis
what substance is transported by the xylem?
water and minerals up from the root to through out the body - leaves
what substance is transported by the phloem?
sugars
- produced in leaves transported through out body
Parts of a flower - Carpel/Pistil
female part of flower
- contain ovary
parts of a flower - petals
attract some kind of animal that will help pollinate flower
parts of flower Stamen
male part of flower
part of flower - ovary
main part of
seeds develop
why do plants produce flower?
to reproduce
when you eat a fruit, what part of the plant are you eating?
ovary of a flower
when you eat a vegetable, what part of the plant are you eating?
vegetative
what is the function of a fruit? of seed?
help disperse seed
seed - to reproduce
feeding method of sponges?
suspension feeders - filter feeders
what are commercial uses of the sponge skeleton?
bath sponges
Jellyfish
radial symmetry
disable their prey with stinging cells from tentacles
why do tapeworms not need a digestive system?
they simply absorb nutrients across their body surface and have no digestive tracts
trichinella
illness caused by roundworms
- live in undercook pork or wild game
cooking meat until it is no longer pink kills the worm and avoids infection
common molluscs food items
snail, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squids
- found in fresh water, salt water, and terrestrial environment
how are earthworms beneficial in soil?
they aerate the soil and their casting improve the soils texture
what segmented worm is used in medicine?
leeches
how are insects important in food production? and their major ecological role?
they carry/spread seeds, they are pollinators
What group of aquatic arthropods include many food items?
crustaceans
exoskelton
external skelton that protects the animal and provides point of attachment for the sucles that move the appendages
echinoderm prized food item
sea urchin
Four characteristics of Chordata
- have a dorsal (hollow nerve cord)
- have a notocord (flexible, supportive, longitudinal rod located between digestive tracts and nerve cord
- have a pharyngeal slits (located in pharynx)
- have a muscular post-anal tail
special feature of fish assist in breathing underwater?
gills
special feature of amphibians allows to live in land?
tetrapods “four feet”
special features of reptiles allow them to be successful on land?
amniotic egg: protected in water proof egg
reptilian skin: covered with scales waterproofed with tough protein that keeps body from drying out
special feature of bird assist in temp regulation?
insulating feathers
special feature of mmals assis them in temp regulation?
Hair
Characteristics of humans cause them to be classified as mammals?
Hair and Mammary Gland
vegetables
Vegetative part; leaves, stems, flowers, and roots of plants
Kingdom Animalia
- Eukaryotic
- Heterotrophic
- Multicellular
- For the most part animals move
- Motile: mobility; ability to move by itself
- Sessile: stable
Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: (9 important phylums of animals)
Porifera Cnidarian Platyhelminthes Nematoda Annelida Mollusca Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata
Porifera
Sponges • Aquatic, filter feeders • Most marine, not all • Colonial organism • Water in through pores ( water out up) • Dead shell/skeleton of sponges for • radial
Cnidarian
Jelly fish Aquatic, marine Stinging cells to disable pretty Some motile radial
Platylmenthis
Flatworms • Mostly aquatic , many internal parasites • Parasites of larger organism o Tapeworms – parasites of mammals • bilateral
Nematoda
Roundworms
• Aquatic , terrestrial
• Internal parasites (of almost everything)
• Trichinella in muscle (most mammals – burry to make a cyst)
• bilateral
Anmelida
Segmented worms • Mostly aquatic • What is value of terrestrial earthworms? • Bilateral symmetrical • Leeches such blood; most common
Mollusca
Molluscs • Aquatic and terrestrial • Somewhat shell (rigid body parts) • Squid and octopus o Internal hard piece (mantle) • Bilateral symmetry
Arthropoda
Jointed foot • Walking leg that has joint in them Aquatic and terrestrial Land; parasites of bigger organisms Crusteceans; insects; shrimp; spiders Existence of exoskeleton (hard rigid part of body is in the outside) • As organism grow: periodically shred exoskeleton Short live don’t shed: bees ants bilateral
Echinodermata
Echinoderms A return to radial symmetry Marine (all) Share outer rough tough spiny outer skin sea urchins: sea stars
Chordata
chordates
All have some form of backbone
Fishes, amphibians, retiles, birds, mammals (classes)
4 things in common of Chordata
- pharyngeal pouches
- Notochord
- Dorsal nerve cord
- post-anal tail
prokaryotic
type of cell lacking a membrane - no nucleus
- found in bacteria and archaea
• Fishes
o Aquatic, gills for breathing o 2 kind Bony - skeleton None bony part • Shark: more primitive lifeform o Only jaw bone
• Amphibians
o Includes frogs, toads, salamenders o Dual life Part in water – youth - gills Part in land – adult – develop lungs o Aquatic and terrestrial, gills or lungs for breathing o Eggs must be laid in aquatic
• Reptiles
o Turtles, snakes, and lizards o Completely adted to life on land o Most primitive o Water tight skin Have to develop a way to keep water in body o Eggs are laid on land Have to have a way contain water • Have a shell o Sea turtles: on land, spend time on acquatic Lay egg on land
• Birds
o Adapted for flight o Feathers for warmth o Descendants of dinosaurs o Hard shell egg o All lay eggs on land
• Mammals
o Hair for warmth o Mammary glands to nourish young o Domesticated mammals Horse, dogs Domesticated birds and mammals • Turkey; pig; cow
