Exam #1 Flashcards
Describe an ecological pyramid and the significance of each level.
Ecological pyramid
- Tertiary consumers – top carnivores .1 % energy
- Secondary Consumers – Eats primary consumers 1% energy
- Primary Consumers – Eats producers 10% energy
- Producers – Photosynthesis 100% energy
Why are top carnivores (top trophic level) relatively rare in number?
- As each member of the “fuel chain” does its part ehre is less energy available to do work within the living organisms, each chain only gets 10% energy from the previous chain, by the time it gets to top thropic level, only .1% energy is consumed.
The ultimate source of energy in most ecosystems is the __________
- sun
What is the capacity to do work, which can only change form
- energy
All of the physical characteristics and living organisms which occur in a specific place is called?
- ecosystem
The part of the earth (air, land and water) consisting of living organisms?
- environment
The organisms which eat the photosynthetic organisms are called?
- consumers
The herbivores form what part of a food chain?
- Primary Consumers
What role do carnivores play in food chains?
- Consumers use the energy and nutrients stored in the tissues of their food
How does energy and nutrients move through ecosystems?
- Energy flows through an organism as it ingests food, and then digests the food to release energy to do work
- As organism release energy to do work, most of the energy is lost in the form of heat, because the energy conversion process is not very efficient
- 2 laws of thermodynamics
How much energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level?
- 10%
What role do decomposers play in ecosystems?
- The decay and breakdown of previously living organisms releases nutrients back into the soil (or water) where the plants (or other producers) may use them
Describe the three Domains of living organisms
- Archaea o Bacteria like single cells - Eubacteria o Simple cells; single cells o prokaryotes - Eucarya o Eukaryotes o Fungus, protists, animals, plants o Single and multi cellular cells
- Bacteria
o Single cells o Prokaryotic o Live everywhere, in everything o Diverse ways of living o Necessary for all other things to live
- Archaea
o Bacteria like single cells
- Protists
o Single and multi cells
o Eukaryotes
o Highy diverse (many different kinds)
o Precursor to other eukaryotes
- Fungi
o Single and Multi-cells o Parasites: cause disease o Prokaryotes o Absorb nutrients from environment o Food for many animals o Necessary recyclers o Saprobes eats detritus – Detritivores o Mushroom, earthworm
- Plants
o Autotrophs – photosynthetic o Eukaryotes o Multi-cellular o Green o Not all produce flowers; most live on land
- Animals
o Multi-cellular
o Consumers – Heterotrophs
o Eukaryotes
o Diverse forms, life styles, habitats
Describe the use of scientific names : Genus, species
- Latinized names used by all scientists of all language
- Genus – capitalize always, species not
- Groups of living things that have common characteristics are grouped and named together
Describe the basic components of matter
- Element
o The basic building block of matter
Describe the basic structure of the atom
- Made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons
- Proton and neutrons makes up the mass of an atom and is within a nucleus covered by orbital shells
- Electrons or orbital shells surrounds nucleus
- Electrons = protons
- Atomic weight (top left) = neutrons + protons
- Atomic number = protons
- Protons + charge
- Neutrons No charge
- Electrons – charge
Describe the difference between atoms, molecules, compounds and elements
- Atoms are building blocks or elements
- Element is a single kind of atom
- Molecules are atoms bound to each other
o Still an element if both atoms are the same
o Compound elements consists of different kind of atoms
The structure and parts of the Bohr model of the atom
- Proton + Neutron inside a nucleus surrounded by electrons/orbital shells
- 2 protons first outer ring, 8 next outer rin
Describe the five characteristics shared by all living things ?
Organized Metabolize Homeostasis Grow and reproduce Pass o inheritable traits Composed of cells
Atom
– basic building block of matter
- the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element
electron
– Negative charge subatomic particle
proton
- Positive charge subatomic particle
neutron
– no charge subatomic particle
Molecule
– two or more atoms held together by covalent bond
- element if same atoms
- compound if different atoms
hydrophilic
– love of water; soluble in water
hydrophobic
– fear of water; do not dissolve in water
atomic number
– The number of protons in each atom of a particular element
polar
- a molecule containing polar covalent bonds and having an unequal distribution of charges
non-polar
- a covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity
ion
- an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge
pH
– measure of the relative acidity of a solution
- 0 more acidic, 14 more basic
- Potential hydrogen – more acidic
orbital
- surrounding nucleus, containing electrons
polymer
- a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together by covalent bonds
monomer
- the subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer
element
- the substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical means
compound
- substance containing two or more elements in a fixed ratio
The nature of chemical bonding:
Ionic bond
covalent bond
hydrogen bond
Ionic bond
- A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions
Covalent bond
- two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons
Hydrogen bond
- type of weak chemical bond formed when the partially positive hydrogen atom participating in a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom participating in a polar covalent bond in another molecule
- Charge attraction
The special properties of water and the reason for them.
- Polar nature of water
- Water ionization H-O-H H+ + OH-
The properties of acids and bases and the significance of pH.
- Acid – Increasing concentration of Hydrogen Ions in a solution H+
- Base – Increasing concentration of Hydroxide Ions in a solution OH-
- pH changes behavior in things living in that solution
- all molecules necessary to life stays in neutral
The reason for the nature of carbon-
All life is base on Carbon
- Basic structure of molecules the way cells function are all base on carbon molecules that are constructed mainly of carbon atom
o Carbons ability to bind with so many types of atoms
- Organic Chemical
o All organic chemicals have Carbon and Hydrogen
o All molecule essential to living things are organic
- Organic chemistry group
o Alcohols o Aldehyds o Ketones o Carboxylic acids o Amines o Sulfhydryl
Alcohols
- Hydroxyl Group –OH
- C – OH
Aldehydes
- Carbonyl Group
- C = O (double binded slanted top right)(with bind to H slanted bottom)
ketones
- Carbonyl group
- C = O (double binded, middle up top, No bottom H)
- Don’t like to dissolve in water
carboxylic acids
- Carbonyl Group
- -COOH
- C=O (C-OH); doubled binded to OH slanted down
- O- Ionized
- All organic acid
amines
- Amino Group
- NH2
- N bounded H slanted right top, H slanted bottom right
- Ionized = N+ with H H H
- Organic base
sulfhydryl
- C – SH
- Organic sulfur
Carbohydrates
Basic composition :
CH2O
Carbohydrates
Function
- Main source of energy for cells
- Storage
- Structure – form part of structure of cells (cell wall plants rigid)
saccharides : mono-, di-, poly-
- sugar: one, two, many
- Mono, di – simple sugar
- Poly - starch
Lipid
- Fatty acid
o – fats, oil, and waxes
Lipid
- Function
o Storage molecules
o Excess food stored as fat
o Main structural component of cell membranes
- Saturated Fat
o Solid at room temperature
o – see print out for structure
o Double bindinded to O with OH and rest H
o No double bind C
- Unsaturated fat
o Mono One double bind C o Poly Two Double Bind C o Double binded to carbon is not saturated with hydrogen
Triglyceride composition
- Fatty acid-fatty acid – fatty acid } glycerol
- Glycerol CH2-CH-CH
- Hydrophobic
Phospholipids (membrane components)
- Polar (Hydrophilic) Head o N Group o Phosphate o Glycerol - non polar (Hydrophobic) Tails o Long chain - Phobic; philis - All cells are composed of
Sterols
- Cyclic fatty accids
- Cholesterol, steroid hormones
Proteins
Polymers of amino acids - All proteins are polypeptides o Not all polypeptides are proteins - Proteinsn formed as long strings of amino acids - Ameno acid help by peptide - Types of proteins o Collagen o Gelatin o Trypsin o Pepsin o Hemoglobin
- Amino acid
o Organic acid
o Same time their acid and bases
Function as both
o 20 essential amino acid necessary for life
Each has unique properties; some big; some small
Some acidic, some base
One property they all share – amino acid can bind to each other into long long chain.
Polypeptide
• Peptide bind between amino acid to amino acid
• Long enough to protein
Infinite chain
o The primary structure of protein are held together by?
Held together by peptide bonds
Secondary Structure of protein
o String of amino acids folds upon itsef forming 3-D structures
• Held together by hydrogen bonds
Beta sheets or coil alpha helix
• Some are long enough to do both
Tertiary structure
o Interactions between varioius secondary structures reulsts in a globular protein
• Done by disulfide bonds
o Bond between two sulfur atom S-S
Quarternary structure
o Accumulations of separate
- Functions of protein
o Structural components Hair; fingernail; muscles; o Responsible for shape of cells Animal not all cells are same Determined by proteins inside of cells Microscopic too o (Enzymes) Responsible for all reactions to what happens inside the cells All enzymes are proteins • Not all proteins are enzyme
Nucleotides
simpliest most important
Polymers of nucleotides
o Nitrogenous base
6 base structure – pyrimidine
o 5 different types of Nucleotides
Adenine A Cytorine C Guanine G Thymine T Uracil U o each can be different
Two types of nucleic acids
o Strings of nucleotides
DNA and RNA
o DNA
Constructed of two strands • Held together by Hydrogen Bonds between the bases o A = T o C = G o G = C o T = A o U = Pyrimidine • Cytorine • Thymine • Uracil Porine • Adenine • Guanine Plays the role of Containing all the genetic information inside the cell • Specific sequence of letter Dna turn in into RNA to make do what it does Double stranded Uses ATGC as bases Always in the nucleus of the cell
o RNA
Action molecule turning genetic information into the cell Single stranded Uses AGCU • U substitute T Function outside of nucleus
- Another role of nucleotides
o Used as energy transfer within biochemical reactions ATP • Used to move energy around the cell • Break one release energy • Make one capture a lot of energy • Only break the last one off • Cycles between Tri or Diphospate o Energy release when phosphate breaks o Or eat food – store energy in form of ATP • TriphospoNucleutides Adenosime tri phospate
Metabolism
- Totality of organisms chemical reaction
- The process by which an organism gets energy and material in order to grow
Homeostasis
- Steady state of body functioning
- A state of equilibrium
Ecology
- The scientific study of how organisms interact with their environment
Genus
= classification, the taxonomic category above species
- The first part a species binomial
Species
- Category of specific organism
Taxonomy
- Scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life
Prokaryotic
- Type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles;
- Found only in bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic
- Type of cell that has a membrane enclosed nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles
- All organisms except bacteria and archaea
Photosynthesis
- The process by which plants, autotrophic protists, and some bacteria use light energy to make sugars and other organic food molecules from carbon dioxide and water
Respiration
- Cellular repiration the aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules
- Turning O2 + sugar CO2 + H2O
- Trning Energy back to chemical energy
Autotroph
- An organism that makes its own food (often by photosynthesis), thereby sustaining itself without eating other organisms or their molecules
- Plants, algae, cynobacteria
Heterotroph
- Organism that cannot make its own organic food molecules and must obtain them by consuming other organisms or their organic products
Decomposers
- Prokaryotes and fungi that secrete enzymes that digest nutrients from organic material and convert them into inorganic forms
polypeptide
- A polymer chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
protein
- Functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional structure
peptide
- The covalent bond between two amino acid units in a polypeptide
lipid
- An organic compound consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds, making the compound mostly hydrophobic
- Fats, phospholipids, and steroids – insoluble in water
nucleic acid
- A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers
- Serves as a blueprint for proteins
- Two types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA
amino acid
- An organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an amino group
- serves as a the monomer of proteins
triglyceride
- A triglyceride is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. As a blood lipid, it helps enable the bidirectional transference of adipose fat and blood glucose from the liver
phospholipid
- A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group, giving the molecule two nonpolar hydrophobic tails and a polar hydrophilic head
- Form bilayers that function as a biological membranes
The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by which of its parts ?
electron
The atomic number of an atom indicates what ?
How many protons are in an atom
Where are protons found ?
Inside a nucleus
Name and describe the different types of chemical bonds ?
Covalent bond – shared
Ionic bond – exchanged
Hydrogen bond – charged ions
An atom which has gained or lost electrons is called an ?
ion
An acid has a pH of ____ ?
0
What is the name given to the smallest part of a compound which exhibits all the properties of that compound ?
atom
In atoms the electrons occupy regions of space around the nucleus which are called ?
Orbital shells
Chemical bonds involving ions are called ?
Hydrogen bond
cellulose
Structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls composed of glucose monomers
sucrose
Table sugar
Disaccharide of fructose and glucose
lactose
Glucose – galactose
o Find in mammalian product
o Milk sugar
o All mammalian milk has lactose
amylose
Glucose bound to glucose to glucose chain (glucose)n Polysaccharide o Plant starch o Seeds; corn
fructose
C6H12O6
Monosaccharide found in plants; fruit sugar
Maltose
maltobiose or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α bond, formed from a condensation reaction
C12H22O11
Fatty acids with single bonds are called ?
Saturated fatty acid
Amino acids are linked together with what type of bond ?
Peptide bonds
Saccharide molecules are linked together with what type of bond ?
Glycosidic linkage
Cell membranes are made up of what lipid ?
phospholipids
Nucleic acids are polymers of what ?
Nucleotides
Nucleotides are made up of what three sub units ?
a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphategroup, and a nitrogenous base
Proteins serve what function(s) ?
Structural components
- Hair; fingernail; muscles
Responsible for shape of cells
- Animal not all cells are same
What are the two classes of nucleic acids ?
RNA and DNA
