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Exam #1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe an ecological pyramid and the significance of each level.
Ecological pyramid

A
  • Tertiary consumers – top carnivores .1 % energy
  • Secondary Consumers – Eats primary consumers 1% energy
  • Primary Consumers – Eats producers 10% energy
  • Producers – Photosynthesis 100% energy
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2
Q

Why are top carnivores (top trophic level) relatively rare in number?

A
  • As each member of the “fuel chain” does its part ehre is less energy available to do work within the living organisms, each chain only gets 10% energy from the previous chain, by the time it gets to top thropic level, only .1% energy is consumed.
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3
Q

The ultimate source of energy in most ecosystems is the __________

A
  • sun
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4
Q

What is the capacity to do work, which can only change form

A
  • energy
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5
Q

All of the physical characteristics and living organisms which occur in a specific place is called?

A
  • ecosystem
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6
Q

The part of the earth (air, land and water) consisting of living organisms?

A
  • environment
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7
Q

The organisms which eat the photosynthetic organisms are called?

A
  • consumers
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8
Q

The herbivores form what part of a food chain?

A
  • Primary Consumers
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9
Q

What role do carnivores play in food chains?

A
  • Consumers use the energy and nutrients stored in the tissues of their food
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10
Q

How does energy and nutrients move through ecosystems?

A
  • Energy flows through an organism as it ingests food, and then digests the food to release energy to do work
  • As organism release energy to do work, most of the energy is lost in the form of heat, because the energy conversion process is not very efficient
  • 2 laws of thermodynamics
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11
Q

How much energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level?

A
  • 10%
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12
Q

What role do decomposers play in ecosystems?

A
  • The decay and breakdown of previously living organisms releases nutrients back into the soil (or water) where the plants (or other producers) may use them
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13
Q

Describe the three Domains of living organisms

A 
-	Archaea
o	Bacteria like single cells
-	Eubacteria
o	Simple cells; single cells
o	prokaryotes
-	Eucarya
o	Eukaryotes
o	Fungus, protists, animals, plants
o	Single and multi cellular cells
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14
Q
  • Bacteria
A 
o	Single cells
o	Prokaryotic
o	Live everywhere, in everything
o	Diverse ways of living
o	Necessary for all other things to live
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15
Q
  • Archaea
A

o Bacteria like single cells

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16
Q
  • Protists
A

o Single and multi cells
o Eukaryotes
o Highy diverse (many different kinds)
o Precursor to other eukaryotes

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17
Q
  • Fungi
A 
o	Single and Multi-cells
o	Parasites: cause disease
o	Prokaryotes
o	Absorb nutrients from environment
o	Food for many animals
o	Necessary recyclers
o	Saprobes eats detritus – Detritivores
o	Mushroom, earthworm
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18
Q
  • Plants
A 
o	Autotrophs – photosynthetic
o	Eukaryotes
o	Multi-cellular
o	Green
o	Not all produce flowers; most live on land
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19
Q
  • Animals
A

o Multi-cellular
o Consumers – Heterotrophs
o Eukaryotes
o Diverse forms, life styles, habitats

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20
Q

Describe the use of scientific names : Genus, species

A
  • Latinized names used by all scientists of all language
  • Genus – capitalize always, species not
  • Groups of living things that have common characteristics are grouped and named together
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21
Q

Describe the basic components of matter

A
  • Element

o The basic building block of matter

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22
Q

Describe the basic structure of the atom

A
  • Made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons
  • Proton and neutrons makes up the mass of an atom and is within a nucleus covered by orbital shells
  • Electrons or orbital shells surrounds nucleus
  • Electrons = protons
  • Atomic weight (top left) = neutrons + protons
  • Atomic number = protons
  • Protons + charge
  • Neutrons No charge
  • Electrons – charge
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23
Q

Describe the difference between atoms, molecules, compounds and elements

A
  • Atoms are building blocks or elements
  • Element is a single kind of atom
  • Molecules are atoms bound to each other
    o Still an element if both atoms are the same
    o Compound elements consists of different kind of atoms
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24
Q

The structure and parts of the Bohr model of the atom

A
  • Proton + Neutron inside a nucleus surrounded by electrons/orbital shells
  • 2 protons first outer ring, 8 next outer rin
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25
Q

Describe the five characteristics shared by all living things ?

A 
	Organized
	Metabolize
	Homeostasis
	Grow and reproduce
	Pass o inheritable traits
	Composed of cells
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26
Q

Atom

A

– basic building block of matter

- the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element

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27
Q

electron

A

– Negative charge subatomic particle

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28
Q

proton

A
  • Positive charge subatomic particle
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29
Q

neutron

A

– no charge subatomic particle

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30
Q

Molecule

A

– two or more atoms held together by covalent bond

  • element if same atoms
  • compound if different atoms
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31
Q

hydrophilic

A

– love of water; soluble in water

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32
Q

hydrophobic

A

– fear of water; do not dissolve in water

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33
Q

atomic number

A

– The number of protons in each atom of a particular element

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34
Q

polar

A
  • a molecule containing polar covalent bonds and having an unequal distribution of charges
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35
Q

non-polar

A
  • a covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity
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36
Q

ion

A
  • an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge
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37
Q

pH

A

– measure of the relative acidity of a solution

  • 0 more acidic, 14 more basic
  • Potential hydrogen – more acidic
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38
Q

orbital

A
  • surrounding nucleus, containing electrons
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39
Q

polymer

A
  • a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together by covalent bonds
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40
Q

monomer

A
  • the subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer
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41
Q

element

A
  • the substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical means
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42
Q

compound

A
  • substance containing two or more elements in a fixed ratio
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43
Q

The nature of chemical bonding:

A

Ionic bond
covalent bond
hydrogen bond

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44
Q

Ionic bond

A
  • A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions
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45
Q

Covalent bond

A
  • two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons
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46
Q

Hydrogen bond

A
  • type of weak chemical bond formed when the partially positive hydrogen atom participating in a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the partially negative atom participating in a polar covalent bond in another molecule
  • Charge attraction
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47
Q

The special properties of water and the reason for them.

A
  • Polar nature of water

- Water ionization H-O-H  H+ + OH-

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48
Q

The properties of acids and bases and the significance of pH.

A
  • Acid – Increasing concentration of Hydrogen Ions in a solution H+
  • Base – Increasing concentration of Hydroxide Ions in a solution OH-
  • pH changes behavior in things living in that solution
    • all molecules necessary to life stays in neutral
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49
Q

The reason for the nature of carbon-

A

All life is base on Carbon
- Basic structure of molecules the way cells function are all base on carbon molecules that are constructed mainly of carbon atom
o Carbons ability to bind with so many types of atoms

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50
Q
  • Organic Chemical
A

o All organic chemicals have Carbon and Hydrogen

o All molecule essential to living things are organic

51
Q
  • Organic chemistry group
A 
o	Alcohols
o	Aldehyds
o	Ketones
o	Carboxylic acids
o	Amines
o	Sulfhydryl
52
Q

Alcohols

A
  • Hydroxyl Group –OH

- C – OH

53
Q

Aldehydes

A
  • Carbonyl Group

- C = O (double binded slanted top right)(with bind to H slanted bottom)

54
Q

ketones

A
  • Carbonyl group
  • C = O (double binded, middle up top, No bottom H)
  • Don’t like to dissolve in water
55
Q

carboxylic acids

A
  • Carbonyl Group
  • -COOH
  • C=O (C-OH); doubled binded to OH slanted down
  • O- Ionized
  • All organic acid
56
Q

amines

A
  • Amino Group
  • NH2
  • N bounded H slanted right top, H slanted bottom right
  • Ionized = N+ with H H H
  • Organic base
57
Q

sulfhydryl

A
  • C – SH

- Organic sulfur

58
Q

Carbohydrates

Basic composition :

A

CH2O

59
Q

Carbohydrates

Function

A
  • Main source of energy for cells
  • Storage
  • Structure – form part of structure of cells (cell wall plants rigid)
60
Q

saccharides : mono-, di-, poly-

A
  • sugar: one, two, many
  • Mono, di – simple sugar
  • Poly - starch
61
Q

Lipid

A
  • Fatty acid

o – fats, oil, and waxes

62
Q

Lipid

- Function

A

o Storage molecules
o Excess food stored as fat
o Main structural component of cell membranes

63
Q
  • Saturated Fat
A

o Solid at room temperature
o – see print out for structure
o Double bindinded to O with OH and rest H
o No double bind C

64
Q
  • Unsaturated fat
A 
o	Mono
	One double bind C
o	Poly
	Two Double Bind C
o	Double binded to carbon is not saturated with hydrogen
65
Q

Triglyceride composition

A
  • Fatty acid-fatty acid – fatty acid } glycerol
  • Glycerol CH2-CH-CH
  • Hydrophobic
66
Q

Phospholipids (membrane components)

A 
-	Polar (Hydrophilic) Head
o	N Group
o	Phosphate
o	Glycerol
-	 non polar (Hydrophobic) Tails
o	Long chain
-	Phobic; philis
-	All cells are composed of
67
Q

Sterols

A
  • Cyclic fatty accids

- Cholesterol, steroid hormones

68
Q

Proteins

A 
Polymers of amino acids
-	All proteins are polypeptides
o	Not all polypeptides are proteins
-	Proteinsn formed as long strings of amino acids
-	Ameno acid help by peptide
-	Types of proteins
o	Collagen
o	Gelatin
o	Trypsin
o	Pepsin
o	Hemoglobin
69
Q
  • Amino acid
A

o Organic acid
o Same time their acid and bases
 Function as both
o 20 essential amino acid necessary for life
 Each has unique properties; some big; some small
 Some acidic, some base
 One property they all share – amino acid can bind to each other into long long chain.
 Polypeptide
• Peptide bind between amino acid to amino acid
• Long enough to protein
 Infinite chain

70
Q

o The primary structure of protein are held together by?

A

 Held together by peptide bonds

71
Q

 Secondary Structure of protein

A

o String of amino acids folds upon itsef forming 3-D structures

• Held together by hydrogen bonds
 Beta sheets or coil alpha helix
• Some are long enough to do both

72
Q

 Tertiary structure

A

o Interactions between varioius secondary structures reulsts in a globular protein

• Done by disulfide bonds
o Bond between two sulfur atom S-S

73
Q

 Quarternary structure

A

o Accumulations of separate

74
Q
  • Functions of protein
A 
o	Structural components
	Hair; fingernail; muscles;
o	Responsible for shape of cells
	Animal not all cells are same
	Determined by proteins inside of cells
	Microscopic too
o	(Enzymes) Responsible for all reactions to what happens inside the cells 
	All enzymes are proteins
•	Not all proteins are enzyme
75
Q

 Nucleotides

A

 simpliest most important
 Polymers of nucleotides

o Nitrogenous base
 6 base structure – pyrimidine

76
Q

o 5 different types of Nucleotides

A 
	Adenine A
	Cytorine C
	Guanine G
	Thymine T
	Uracil U
o	each can be different
77
Q

 Two types of nucleic acids

o Strings of nucleotides

A

DNA and RNA

78
Q

o DNA

A 
	Constructed of two strands
•	Held together by Hydrogen Bonds between the bases
o	A = T
o	C = G
o	G = C
o	T = A
o	U = 
	Pyrimidine
•	Cytorine
•	Thymine
•	Uracil
	Porine
•	Adenine
•	Guanine
	Plays the role of Containing all the genetic information inside the cell
•	Specific sequence of letter
	Dna turn in into RNA to make do what it does
	Double stranded 
	Uses ATGC as bases
	Always in the nucleus of the cell
79
Q

o RNA

A 
	Action molecule turning genetic information into the cell
	Single stranded
	Uses AGCU
•	U substitute T
	Function outside of nucleus
80
Q
  • Another role of nucleotides
A 
o	Used as energy transfer within biochemical reactions
	ATP
•	Used to move energy around the cell
•	Break one release energy
•	Make one capture a lot of energy
•	Only break the last one off
•	Cycles between Tri or Diphospate
o	Energy release when phosphate breaks
o	Or eat food – store energy in form of ATP
•	TriphospoNucleutides
	Adenosime tri phospate
81
Q

Metabolism

A
  • Totality of organisms chemical reaction

- The process by which an organism gets energy and material in order to grow

82
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • Steady state of body functioning

- A state of equilibrium

83
Q

Ecology

A
  • The scientific study of how organisms interact with their environment
84
Q

Genus

A

= classification, the taxonomic category above species

- The first part a species binomial

85
Q

Species

A
  • Category of specific organism
86
Q

Taxonomy

A
  • Scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life
87
Q

Prokaryotic

A
  • Type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles;
  • Found only in bacteria and archaea
88
Q

Eukaryotic

A
  • Type of cell that has a membrane enclosed nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles
  • All organisms except bacteria and archaea
89
Q

Photosynthesis

A
  • The process by which plants, autotrophic protists, and some bacteria use light energy to make sugars and other organic food molecules from carbon dioxide and water
90
Q

Respiration

A
  • Cellular repiration the aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules
  • Turning O2 + sugar  CO2 + H2O
  • Trning Energy back to chemical energy
91
Q

Autotroph

A
  • An organism that makes its own food (often by photosynthesis), thereby sustaining itself without eating other organisms or their molecules
  • Plants, algae, cynobacteria
92
Q

Heterotroph

A
  • Organism that cannot make its own organic food molecules and must obtain them by consuming other organisms or their organic products
93
Q

Decomposers

A
  • Prokaryotes and fungi that secrete enzymes that digest nutrients from organic material and convert them into inorganic forms
94
Q

polypeptide

A
  • A polymer chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
95
Q

protein

A
  • Functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional structure
96
Q

peptide

A
  • The covalent bond between two amino acid units in a polypeptide
97
Q

lipid

A
  • An organic compound consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds, making the compound mostly hydrophobic
  • Fats, phospholipids, and steroids – insoluble in water
98
Q

nucleic acid

A
  • A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers
  • Serves as a blueprint for proteins
  • Two types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA
99
Q

amino acid

A
  • An organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an amino group
  • serves as a the monomer of proteins
100
Q

triglyceride

A
  • A triglyceride is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. As a blood lipid, it helps enable the bidirectional transference of adipose fat and blood glucose from the liver
101
Q

phospholipid

A
  • A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group, giving the molecule two nonpolar hydrophobic tails and a polar hydrophilic head
  • Form bilayers that function as a biological membranes
102
Q

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by which of its parts ?

A

electron

103
Q

The atomic number of an atom indicates what ?

A

How many protons are in an atom

104
Q

Where are protons found ?

A

Inside a nucleus

105
Q

Name and describe the different types of chemical bonds ?

A

 Covalent bond – shared
 Ionic bond – exchanged
 Hydrogen bond – charged ions

106
Q

An atom which has gained or lost electrons is called an ?

A

ion

107
Q

An acid has a pH of ____ ?

A

0

108
Q

What is the name given to the smallest part of a compound which exhibits all the properties of that compound ?

A

atom

109
Q

In atoms the electrons occupy regions of space around the nucleus which are called ?

A

Orbital shells

110
Q

Chemical bonds involving ions are called ?

A

Hydrogen bond

111
Q

cellulose

A

 Structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls composed of glucose monomers

112
Q

sucrose

A

 Table sugar

 Disaccharide of fructose and glucose

113
Q

lactose

A

 Glucose – galactose
o Find in mammalian product
o Milk sugar
o All mammalian milk has lactose

114
Q

amylose

A 
	Glucose bound to glucose to glucose chain
	(glucose)n
	Polysaccharide
o	Plant starch
o	Seeds; corn
115
Q

fructose

A

 C6H12O6

 Monosaccharide found in plants; fruit sugar

116
Q

Maltose

A

 maltobiose or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α bond, formed from a condensation reaction
 C12H22O11

117
Q

Fatty acids with single bonds are called ?

A

Saturated fatty acid

118
Q

Amino acids are linked together with what type of bond ?

A

Peptide bonds

119
Q

Saccharide molecules are linked together with what type of bond ?

A

Glycosidic linkage

120
Q

Cell membranes are made up of what lipid ?

A

phospholipids

121
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers of what ?

A

Nucleotides

122
Q

Nucleotides are made up of what three sub units ?

A

a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphategroup, and a nitrogenous base

123
Q

Proteins serve what function(s) ?

A

Structural components
- Hair; fingernail; muscles
Responsible for shape of cells
- Animal not all cells are same

124
Q

What are the two classes of nucleic acids ?

A

RNA and DNA

Biology 101 (13 decks)

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