Week 1 Ch 1, 2, 3, 15, 37 Flashcards
Organized
organized into groups which will call population, populations are organized into communities, the communities into ecosystem
- determines what kind of living thing it is
Metabolize
all the processes by which an organism gets energy and materials in order to grow
Catabolism and Anabolism
Catabolism
energy “getting” part
Anabolism
Energy “using”
Living things show homeostasis
ability of organism to maintain balance
Maintenance of conditions favorable to life
temp
acidity
water content
each organism does this in unique ways
each organism show homeostasis in unique ways
lizards and snakes
- not in tall mountain, extreme cold
- don’t have ability to maintain internal temp
- don’t use food/metabolize to maintain body temp
- restrictive to live where they can get heat; behavior dictate how it works
Humans live everywhere, anywhere, but water
Living things grow and reproduce
- the purpose of metabolism and the end result is
growth of the living things
Living things grow and reproduce
- the cells composing living things have a limit to their size and therefore in order to continue growth…
they must reproduce
Living things grow and reproduce
- cell reproduction results in:
the increase in the numbers of a certain type of living things
Living things pass on inheritable traits
all living things transfer characteristics of themselves to new life forms
- only produce same cell
- humans don’t give birth to chimpanzees
- all wrapped in the inheritable material of the organism (gentics)
As a result of metabolism, growth, and reproduction all living things can be said to RESPOND to their surroundings
the environment
As a result of heredity, all living things have adaptations
characteristics developed to allow them to continue to grow and reproduce
The basic unit of all living things is the?
cell
3 basic characteristics of cells
- mostly microscopic
- bound by a membrane (key thing make cells cells)
- able to reproduce itself (all have ultimate ability)
Difference between plant cells and animal cells
plant cells has cell walls
animal cells - no cell wall; only membrane
Evolution
- changes in living organism that happen over time
- these changes happen as a result of natural selection
Living things depend on cooperation
- living things depend on other living things for their food and air
- these organisms have evolved together: coevolution has been a powerful force in shaping the kinds of living things found on the planet today – shaped evolution
Energy Flow
Energy is a constant in the universe
- total quantity never changes, only the form of energy
The way energy flows through the universe or part of the universe determines the nature of the things and events happening there
- anytime change form of energy; lose to use some form of that energy
Structure determines function
- the structures found in living things are closely linked with their functions, so much so that the same structures are found over and over again in very different kinds of organisms because they serve the same functions.
- continuity of structures of body part (dinosaurs)
- commonality deeply tied to its function
What is the Five Kingdom System?
divides all living things into five large groups based on observable characteristics
What is a more recent way of looking at organizing living things?
by looking at the similarities in the genetic material within them
What is Domain
the method in organizing things into three large groups
What are the Three Domains?
Eucarya
Eubacteria
Archaea
Eucarya
Eucaryotes
- Single and multiple cell organisms that havre many chromosomes and complex internal structure
- Protists, fungi, plants, animals (all arose form some protist ancestry)
- base on cell organization
- significantly different than eubacteria and archaea
- humans have more in common than bacteria
Eubacteria
Prokaryotes
True Bacteria, single cells with single chormosomes
Bacteria (organism)
- typical adult human have about 10 trillion human cells
- single cell
- more primitive
- gave rise to rest
Archaea
Primitive bacteria-like single cells; many live in extreme environments: high heat, high acid, etc.
- single cells organism; individual cells; not living together as a group
- more primitive; gave rise to all rest
The classification of living things can be done based on two different approaches
observed characteristics
genetic characteristics
Scientific names
- (different language have different names)
- Latin, Italize, First word Capital, 2nd lower case
- each scientific name consists of two separate names:
Genus and species - Genus always comes first
Naming hierarchy
groups of living t hings that have common charateristics are group and named together
species are grouped into Genera, which are grouped into families, into orders, into classes, into phyla
Example of Naming Heirarchy
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (animals with backbones)
Class: Mammalia (warm-blooded with hair, produce milk)
Order: Perissodactyla (mamalls with odd numbered hooves)
Family: Equidae ( 3 species: grevyi; asinus; caballus)
Animlia –> Chordata -> Mammalia -> Primates -> Hominidae -> Homo Sapiens
One hallmark of species
able to interbreed
- genetically compatible set
- genetically feasible
Kingdoms
-Bacteria
- single cells
- Prokaryotic (simple cells)
- live everywhere, in everything (top of mountain; bottom of sea)
- diverse ways of living (some sunlight; compound like sugar)
- necessary for all other things to live
Saprobes
llive off of dead tissue
KIngdoms
- Fungi
- single and multiple cell organisms that eat dead material
- Saprobes: live off dead tissue
- Parasites: cause disease (to mammals, humans, and plants)
- absorb nutrients from environment
- food for many animals (mushroom)
- Necessary recyclers (part of group that help recycle - decomposers
Kingdom - Protists
- Eukaryotic (more complex cells)
- Single and multi-cellular
- highly diverse (many different kinds)
- Precursors to other eukaryotics
parasites
cause disease to mammals, humans, and plants
Kingdoms - Plants
multi-celled photosynthesizers, most on land
- Eukaryotes
- multi-cellular
- most live on land
- not all plants produce flowers
- for most part: photosynthesis - sunlight
Kingdoms: Animals
Multi-celled organisms that eat other organisms
- Eukaryotes
- Multi-cellular
- diverse forms, life styles, habitats
- as a group most successful organisms apart from bacteria
(live almost everywhere)
What are the 5 Kingdoms
Bacteria Fungi Protists Plants Animals
All living things share certain properties
organized metabolize homeostasis grow and reproduce pass on inheritable traits composed of cells
The term ecology is derived from what tGreek word?
oikos meaning house.
What is ecology?
Ecology is the study of interactions of organisms with each other and with their physical environment.
What is population?
Groups of organisms (individuals) of the same species
What makes up a community?
Populations of various organisms in the same area together
What is an ecosystem?
The community, together with its physical surroundings comprise an ecosystem.
What component does an ecosystem have?
An ecosystem has both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components.
ecosystem function is reliant upon?
upon interactions of spedes with each other and with their environment.
often organism are grouped by?
their function in energy and feeding relationships
Feeding relationship begins with?
begin with organisms known as Producers.
What are producers?
those organisms that manufacture organic (high energy) chemicals from inorganic (low energy) chemicals.
What does producers do?
Producer organisms are able to manufacture organic chemicals through the process called photosynthesis.
What are organic chemicals?
Organic chemicals are high in energy and serve as an energy source (food) for organisms
Because producer organisms manufacture their own food, they are also known as?
Autotrophs (self - feeders).
Photosynthesis
Organisms that eat other organisms for food are called
consumers
What does consumers do?
Consumers use the energy and nutrients stored in the tissues of their food. .
Consumers are also known as?
Heterotrophs (other-feeders).
What are the trophic (feeding) levels?
Top Carnivores (tertiary consumers)
Carnivores (secondary consumers)
Herbivores (primary consumers)
Plants (producers)
What is respiration?
Sugar + 02 -> (out energy) -> C02 + H20
• Energy – chemical energy
To unlock the stored energy, plants (and most other organism) use a process called cellular respiration
This process uses oxygen to convert energy stored into chemical energy
Feeding Relationships
What happens to all of the dead organisms, cast off parts, and wastes?
decomposers feed on them
What are decomposers?
Decomposers are a group of (usually) small organisms that feed on non-living organic matter referred to as detritus.
Detritus has many forms including:
body wastes, dead body parts, and dead organisms
What are some examples of decomposers?
mushrooms, bacteria, and earthworms, termites, and many others.
What is the purpose of the The decay and breakdown of previously living organisms
It releases nutrients back into the soil {or water} where the plants (or other producers) may use them.
What is the purpose of decomposition process?
forms a cycling of nutrients (natures Urecycling” program).
What are omnivores?
organisms that feed on both plant and animal materials.
o Eat anything that they can get their hands on
o Bear eats fish, rodents, berries, leaves, nuts
What is ecosystem energy flow?
Energy flows through an organism as it ingests food, and then digests the food to release energy to do work.
As organisms release energy to do work, what happens to the energy and why?
most of the energy is lost in the form of heat, because the energy conversion process is not very efficient.
What is the purpose of the two energy laws of physics?
Two of the energy laws of physics can help us to understand what happens to energy.
Laws of Thermodynamics
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
Only thing can happen change/convert type of energy form to another
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Whenever energy is converted from one form to another, some (often much) of the useful energy (energy available to do work) is dissipated (given off) to the surroundings as heat energy.
Every time energy is converted it cannot be converted 100%
Theres always a loss – always ends up as heat
Heat – unusable form of energy
Convert sunlight into chemical
o Never 100%
o Produce some heat (can’t be use by living things)
o Sugar (represent chemical energy) -> (loss energy- heat) -> C02 + H20
Entrophy
What is entropy?
Over time, this loss of useful energy (energy available to do work) results in a gradual disorganization of a system, the process known as Entropy.
What are 3 principle functions within an Ecosystem?
- Producers (photosynthesis/autotrophs)
- Consumers (eats autotrophs – 2 basic type: primary, secondary)
- Decomposers
What are the two basic types of consumers and what do they eat?
- Primary - eats only autotrophs
2. Secondary - eats primary consumers
What does producers do?
Producers
o Takes in inorganic materials: H20, CO2 and turns them into organic compound (sugar, protein, etc)
o These organisms are able to build up their own body tissues and energy reserves using energy from the sun, carbon dioxide from the air, and water
o Under ideal condition, plants store energy at three times the rate at which they use it
Store in their tissue
• Food source for other organism
Photosynthesis
Process requires energy input that comes from the sun
C02 + H20 = (sunlight) = sugar + 02
o 3 kinds of producers
Green plants
Algae
Cyanobacteria
Consumer Organisms
o Organisms that eat other organisms for food are called consumers o Consumers use the energy and nutrients stored in the tissues of their food o Primary consumers Herbivores o Heterotrophs (other feeders) o 2ndary consumers Eats primary consumers Carnivores
Trophic level Heirarchy
o Producers – plants
o Herbivores – primary consumers
o Carnivores – 2ndary consumers
o Top Carnivores - Organisms that has no predators; tertiary consumers
What is the purpose of eating each other?
energy transfer
Energy Transfer
Powered ultimately by the sun
A fuel chain
o One organism providing fuel for the growth of the next level
Decomposers
o (All process organisms shedding tissue; waste products; dead leaves)
o Saprobes
o Process forms a cycling of nutrients (natures “recycling” program
Organism that eat dead materials
o A type of consumer
o Heterotrophs
Not hunting, not eating living material
o Returning organic material and turn it back into inorganic material
o Dead material
Detritus
o Detritivores
Types of energy
o Radiant o Heat o Chemical o Electrical o Mechanical o Can be converted from one to another
Ecosystem Organization
Nutrients are “cycled” within an ecosystem but energy “flows” through an ecosystem and thus must be continually replenished
On avg the conversion of energy from one form to the next
o Transfer from trophic level to trophic level (herb to omni) only 10% (rest is heat)
Inorganic material – soil
By decomposers lose all energy loss as heat – all nutrients return to soil, but energy is lost
Energy flows through ecosystem in one direction, has to constantly be replenished by the sun
Nutrients gets recycled through ecosystem, energy one way
As each member of the “fuel chain” does its part there is less energy available to do work within the living organisms
100% loss to environment of energy; nutrient returns to environment
Conversion Effeciency
Top of of the food chain
Fewer, rarer
Each level of trophic feeding level only gets 10% energy from what it eats, by the time it reaches the top of the food chain, it only gets .1% of energy from the sun. Top Carnivores does not get enough or have access to complete energy to reproduce.
Producers 100% energy -> primary consumers 10% -> secondary consumers 1% -> tertiary consumers (top) .1%
Protons
+ charge
Neutrons
No charge
Protons + neurons in the nucleus of atom
Have equal/share mass (amount)
Atomic mass unit = one mass of proton = 1 AMU
Mass vs weight
Mass = unit how much material in the nodule
Weight = force acting upon that mass
Affected by gravity
Nucleus surrounded by ?
electron (- charge)
Most stable atoms have no charge on atoms, which means?
Number of protons has to equal number of electron
Atomic number vs Atomic mass
Number of protons in a nucleus = Atomic Number
Protons + Neutrons = Atomic Mass
Atomic # - element
Atomic #
We end up with an element
A substance composed of all same type of atom
1. Hydrogen (1 proton, surrounded by 1 electron)
2. Helium (2 protons + 2 neutrons in nucleus surrounded by 2 electron)
Orbitals or electron shells
Arrangement of electrons
1. Directly outside; closest to nucleus can only contain 2 electrons
2. Next orbital: can only contain 8 electrons
Has maximum capacity, wants it to be met
molecule
Atoms + atoms = molecule Atom same type, still an element o Hydrogen:hydrogen = molecular hydrogen o O2 + 02 = molecular oxygen Different kind of atoms o Hydrogen + oxygen = H20 Not an element A compound • All compound exist in molecular form • Most compound/most common have none chemical
Carbon Atom
- Describes an element
- Weight is 12 (6 proton, 6 neutron)
- Atom number is 6 (electron)
- Symbol C
- Not stable; must bind with another atom (4 electrons)
- Two electrons that are shared – covalent bond
- Can share 4 covalent bond with other atoms –C-
Ionic bond
Another way that atom bonds with each other
Get or give up atom
Charged atoms are called ions
o Can have positive/negative ions
Ions create ionic bond between them
Chlorine atom (CI) # 17 = chlorine ion (+/-)
Sodium ion (+) + Chlorine ion (-) = Sodium Chloride (table salt) NaCl
Atomic and Molecular Structure
Bohr model
Protons = electrons (+ charge)
Number of protons determine physical characteristics
Arrangement of electrons determine chemical characteristics
Elements
: a single kind of atom
compounds
different kinds of atoms bound together
CHEMICAL BONDS (explains binding between individual atoms)
Ionic bonds : exchanged electrons
Covalent bonds : shared electrons
Hydrogen bonds : charge attraction
WATER
Polar nature of water
Poles
Binds with each other
Hydrogen bond – molecules of water likes to stick together; attracted to each other
Meniscus (water has hydrogen bonding to other water molecules)
acid
any substance that when added to water increases the number of hydrogen ion (concentration) presence in that solution
base
any substance when added to water increases the hydroxide ion
Hydrogen Bond
- A weak force; easily broken; exist between other kinds of molecules besides just water
pH scale
- 0 – 14
- 7 Is neutrality
- [OH(-)] bracket is concentration = {H(+)]
- Changes behavior in things living in that solution
- Increase in concentration of hydrogen ions acid
- Increase concentration of hydroxide ions base
Molecules necessary to life stays in neutral
WATER IONIZATION
H - O - H H+ + OH-
when hydrogen is high the hydroxide is low and vice versa
Organic chemistry nomenclature
Organic Chemical Functional groups:
alcohols aldehydes ketones carboxylic acids amines o Recurring groups of atoms o Similar properties
pH (2)
measure effect by measuring entity = measure pH
pH – mathematical formula that translate concentration into numbers
start adding water to solution favor hydrogen gets acidic
pH 0 – highly acidic – hydrochloric acid (HCL)
blood – basic
Organic
Chemistry of Carbon Carbon forms diverse molecules - Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen are called Organic - CH4 - HCN - C5H12O6 - CO2 is not organic
All life is base on?
- carbon
o Basic structure of molecules the way cells function are all base on carbon molecules that are constructed mainly of carbon atom - Carbon ability to bind with so many types of atoms
Organic Chemical
o C + H
o All molecule essential to living things are organic
Inorganic Chemical
o Water
o CO2
o Does not contain C + H
Alcohols
• C – O – H
Aldehydes
• Double binded
Ketones
- Don’t like to dissolve in water
- Good solvent
- Acetone – nail polish remover; simple ketones
- Paint removers – have a lot
- Industrial solvent
Carboxylic acids
• Attach to an O-H group • All organic acid • Some very strong; some weak • All acid taste sour to human (hallmark) o Lemon – citric acid o Green grapes – sour – tartaric acid o Vitamin C – ascorbic acid
Amines
- Organic basic
* Almost all organic base
Sulfhydryl
- C – S – H
- Organic sulfur compound responsible for smell: garlic onions – strong pungent odors
- Bad smell
Biochemistry
chemistry of living things
- Four major types of biochemical
(know what they are and their function within living systems) o Carbohydrates o Lipids o Protein o Nucleic Acid
Carbohydrates
energy, storage, structure
- Carbon and water
- C/H2/O (carbon to two hydrogen to one oxygen)
- Compounds such as sugar
Function of Carbohydrates
o 1. Main source of energy in cells
o 2. Some cells – form part of structure of the cell
Cellulose
• Makes up cell walls of plants – rigid
o 3. Some cases – storage compound
Excess food cells takes in is packaged in carb
Humans store in fats
• Liver excess food is stored in glycogen
compound such as sugar
o Saccharides
o Link individual sugar molecules to another sugar molecules andn create a disaccharide//polysaccharide (more than one sugar link to itself)
monosaccharide
o Single sugar molecule –
Simple sugars are
o mono and disaccharide
o Polysaccharide –
starches
Most common useful monosaccharide
o – simple sugar glucose C6H12O6 Hexose (6 carbon sugar) • Fructose • Galactose • Same formula but atoms arrange differently; same number of atoms
Glucose
Bind to other glucose
diseccheride • Glucose – glucose o Disaccharide called maltose Found in plant seeds Term maltamilk; malt • Glucose – galactose o Lactose Find in mammalian product Milk sugar All mammalian milk has lactose • Glucose – fructose o Sucrose Plant sugar Cane/table sugar
Glucose bound to glucose to glucose chain
• (glucose)n • Amylose – polysaccharide o Plant starch o Seeds; corn All end in ose • Sugar
Glycosidic bonds
• Covalent bonds between sugars
CARBOHYDRATES
:
mono-, di-, poly- saccharides : glycosidic bonds
simple sugars: hexoses : glucose, fructose, galactose
pentoses : ribose, deoxyribose
starches : polymeric forms
amylose, glycogen, amylopectin, cellulose
energy containing compounds and structural compounds
LIPIDS
:
o Fats, oils, and waxes
Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
• Triglycerides
Fatty acid
Fat and oil don’t mix with water
Longer the chain the more fat like it is less it likes to interact with water
Unsaturated fat
• Double binded to carbon is not saturated with hydrogen
o Only one double bind – mono unsaturated fat
Avocados, flounder, olive oil, almonds, haddock, peanut oil, canola oil
Fish and vegetable products
o More than one – polyunsaturated fats
Soft margarine (most)
Sesame oil; soybean, corn, sunflower, safflower
Mayo
Vegetable produce
• Liquid at room temperature
Saturated fat
• Solid at room temperature • Cocounut oil; palm kernel oil; chocolate; milk, cheese, butter, cream • Animal fat • Mammalian produce (milk)
Fatty acid – fatty acid – fatty acid } glycerol
• Triglycerides
• Doesn’t want to interact with water at all
o Hydrophobic – afraid of water
Glycerol bind with two fatty acid
– last is bound to phosphate
• Phosphate is charge
All cells are compose of
phospholipids:
-hydrophilis and hydrophobic
• Phobic – afraid
• Philis – love
Sterols
• Cyclic fatty acids
• Cholesterol
Function of Lipids
- Storage molecules
o Excess food stored as fat
Mammals; all animals - Main structural component of cell membranes
- Advance mammals: they are source of hormones (testosterone; steroidal)
Protein
amino acids forming polypeptides (peptide bonds)
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures of proteins
filamentous proteins (structural proteins)
Tubulin, flagellin, collagen, keratin
globular proteins (enzymes)
Pepsin, trypsin, lipases
Proteins
- Amino Acid
- All proteins are polypeptides
o Not all polypeptides are proteins - Proteinsn formed as long strings of amino acids
– Ameno acid help by peptide
Types of proteins
o Collagen o Gelatin o Trypsin o Pepsin o Hemoglobin
Amino acid
o Organic acid
o Same time their acid and bases
Function as both
o 20 essential amino acid necessary for life
Each has unique properties; some big; some small
Some acidic, some base
One property they all share – amino acid can bind to each other into long long chain.
Polypeptide
• Peptide bind between amino acid to amino acid
• Long enough to protein
Infinite chain
The primary structure of protein
o
Held together by peptide bonds
Secondary structure of Protein
• Held together by hydrogen bonds
Beta sheets or coil alpha helix
• Some are long enough to do both
o String of amino acids folds upon itsef forming 3-D structures
Tertiary structure
• held up by disulfide bonds
o Interactions between varioius secondary structures reulsts in a globular protein
o Bond between two sulfur atom S-S
Quarternary structure
o Accumulations of separate
Functions of Protein
o Structural components Hair; fingernail; muscles; o Responsible for shape of cells Animal not all cells are same Determined by proteins inside of cells Microscopic too o (Enzymes) Responsible for all reactions to what happens inside the cells All enzymes are proteins • Not all proteins are enzyme
NUCLEIC ACIDS
simpliest most important
Polymers of nucleotides
Nucleotides
Nucleotides
o Nitrogenous base
6 base structure – pyrimidine
5 different types of Nucleotides
o Adenine A Cytorine C Guanine G Thymine T Uracil U o each can be different
Two types of nucleic acids
o Strings of nucleotides
o DNA And RNA
DNA
Constructed of two strands • Held together by Hydrogen Bonds between the bases o A = T o C = G o G = C o T = A o U = Pyrimidine • Cytorine • Thymine • Uracil Porine • Adenine • Guanine Plays the role of Containing all the genetic information inside the cell • Specific sequence of letter Dna turn in into RNA to make do what it does Double stranded Uses ATGC as bases Always in the nucleus of the cell
RNA
Action molecule turning genetic information into the cell Single stranded Uses AGCU • U substitute T Function outside of nucleus
Another role of nucleotides
o Used as energy transfer within biochemical reactions ATP • Used to move energy around the cell • Break one release energy • Make one capture a lot of energy • Only break the last one off • Cycles between Tri or Diphospate o Energy release when phosphate breaks o Or eat food – store energy in form of ATP • TriphospoNucleutides Adenosime tri phospate
