Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 101 > exam #3 vocab > Flashcards

exam #3 vocab Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards Physics 101 flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

chromosomes

A

the structures that contain most of the cell’s DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

asexual reproduction

A

the creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent, without the participation of sperm and egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

sexual reproduction

A

requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

gametes

A

egg and sperm
haploid
sex chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

binary fission

A

dividing in half

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chromatin

A

fibers composed of roughly equal amounts of DNA and protein molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sister chromatids

A

contain identical copies of the DNA molecule

- two sister chromatids are joined together especially thightly at a narrow “waist” called the centromere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cell cycle

A

ordered sequence of events that extends from the time a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

interphase

A

when a cell’s metabolic activity is very high and the cell performs its various function within the organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

mitotic phase (M phase)

A

the part of the cell cycle when the cell actually divides, accounts for only about 10% of the total time required for the cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

mitotic spindle

A

football shaped structure of microtubules that guides the separation of the two sets of daughter chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

centrosomes

A

clouds of cytoplasmic material that in animal cells contain pairs of centrioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cleavage furrow

A

a shallow indentation in the cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

growth factor

A

a protein secfreted by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

density-dependent inhibition

A

phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cell cycle control system

A

cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

tumor

A

an abnormally growing mass of body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

benign tumor

A

if abnormal cells remain at the original site, the lump is benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

malignant tumor

A

can spread into neighboring tissues and other parts of the body, displacing normal tissues and interrupting organ function as it goes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

metastasis

A

spread of cancer cells beyond their original site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas

A
  • skin or lining of the intestine (car)
  • tissues that support body, bone and muscle (sar)
  • bone marrow spleen and lymph nodes (lymph)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

somatic cell

A

typical body cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

two chromosomes of a matching pair

- they both carry genes controlling the same inherited characteresitcs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

locus

A

gene located at a particular place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

sex chromosomes

A

determine an individual’s sex

- male/female X/Y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

autosomes

A

the 22 remaining pairs of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

life cycle

A

development of a fertilized egg into a new adult organism - sequence of stages leading from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

diploid

A

body cells contain pairs of homologous chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

haploid

A

cell with single chromosome set

n = 23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

fertilization

A

haploid sperm cell from the father fuses with a haploid egg cell from the mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg and sperm

  • diploid
  • 2 sets of homologous chromosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

meiosis

A

type of cell division that producds haploid gametes in diploid organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

crossing over

A

an exchange of corresponding segments between nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

chiasma

A

the sites of crossing over appear as x-shaped regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

genetic recombination (recombinant)

A

the production of gene combinations different from those carried by the original parental chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

heredity

A

the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

genetics

A

scientific study of heredity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

character

A

a heritable feature that varies among individuals, such as a flower color

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

trait

A

each variant for a character, such as purple or white flower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

monohybrid cross

A

parent plants differ in only one character

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

homozygous

A

two identical alleles for a gene

homozygotes for the trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

heterozygous

A

organism that has two different alleles for a gene (heterozygotes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

dominant

A

if two alleles of an inherited pair differ, then one determines the organisms appearance

44
Q

recessive

A

organism that has two different alleles for a gene

- heterozygote

45
Q

locus

A

each labeled band on the chromosomes

- specific location of a gene along chromosomes(loci)

46
Q

phenotype

A

physical trait

47
Q

genetype

A

genetic makeup

48
Q

dihybrid cross

A

mating of parental varieties differing in two characters

49
Q

complete dominance

A

the dominant allele has the same phenotypic effect whether present in one or two copies

50
Q

incomplete dominance

A

the appearance of F1 hybrid falls between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties

51
Q

codominant

A

both alleles are expressed in heterozygous individuals

52
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

the additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character

53
Q

sex-linked gene

A

gene located on either sex chromosome - X, Y

54
Q

molecular biology

A

study of heredity at the molecular level

55
Q

bacteriophages or phages

A

viruses that exclusively infect bacteria

56
Q

nucleotides

A

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, consisting of long chains (polymers) of chemical units (monomers)

57
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

58
Q

semiconservative model

A

in DNA replication where half of the parental molecule is maintained in each daughter molecule

59
Q

DNA polymerases

A

the enzymes that link DNA nucleotides to a growing daughter strand add nucleotides only to the 3’ end of the strand never to the 5’ prime
- grows 5’ - 3’

60
Q

DNA ligase

A

enzyme that links or ligates pieces of DNA into a single DNA strand

61
Q

transcription

A

synthesis of RNA

62
Q

translation

A

synthesis of protein under direction of RNA

63
Q

Function of gene

A

to dictate the production of a polypeptide

  • provide instructions for making specific proteins
  • does not build protein directly
64
Q

codons

A

genetic instructions for teh amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain are written in DNA and RNA as a series of non over lapping three base “words”

65
Q

genetic code

A

set of rules that relate codons in RNA to amino acids in proteins

66
Q

RNA polymerase

A

a transcription enzyme that links the RNA nucleotides

67
Q

promoter

A

the “start trancribing” signal

- nucleotide sequence

68
Q

3 phase of transcription

A

1 initiation - attach rna polymerase to promoter and starts RNA synthesis
2 elongation - RNA grows longer - done RNA strand peels away and DNA strands come together again
3 termination - RNA polymerase reach a terminator and detaches from RNA molecule and gene

69
Q

mRNA

A
  • messenger RNA

- encodes amino acid sequences

70
Q

ribosomes

A

structures in the cytoplasm that position mRNA and tRNA close together and catalyze the synthesis of polypeptides

71
Q

mutation

A

any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

72
Q

silent mutation

A

some substitution mutations that has no effect at all

73
Q

lytic cycle

A

results in the lysis (breaking open) of the host cell and the release of the viruses that were produced within the cell

74
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

viral DNA replication occurs without destroying the host cell

75
Q

plasmid

A

a small, circular DNA molecule separate from the bacterial chromosome

76
Q

gene regulation

A

the turning on and off of genes

- can help organisms respond to environmental changes

77
Q

gene expression

A

the overall process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins
- from genotype to phenotype

78
Q

the control of gene expression makes it possible for?

A

cells to produce specific kinds of proteins when and where they are needed

79
Q

differentiation

A

cells specialized in structure and function with each type of cell fulfilling a distinct role
results: body contains hundreds of different types of cells

80
Q

histones

A

small proteins that plays a crucial aspects with DNA packing

81
Q

nucleosome, linkers, tight helical fiber, thick supercoil

A

8 histones surrounded by DNA “bead”, that is joined by “linkers” strings which is wrapped into a tight helical fiber which is coiled into a thick supercoil

82
Q

epigenetic inheritance

A

inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanism not directly involving the nucleotide sequence

83
Q

alternative RNA splicing

A

organisms canproduce more than one type of polypeptide from a single gene

84
Q

regulation of gene expression

A

Breakdown of mRNA
initiation of translation
protein activation
protein breakdown

85
Q

reproductive cloning

A

cloning that results in the birth of a new living individual

86
Q

therapeutic cloning

A

when the major aim is to produce embryonic stem cells for therapeutic treatments

87
Q

oncogene

A

a gene which can cause cancer when present in a single copy in the cell

88
Q

proto-oncogene

A

a normal gene that has the potential to become an oncogene

89
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

genes who’s normal products inhibit cell division

- help prevent uncontrolled cell growth

90
Q

biotechnology

A

the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products

91
Q

DNA technology

A

modern laboratory techniques for studying and manipulating genetic material

92
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

formed when scientists combine nucleotide sequences (pieces of DNA) from two different sources–different species– to form a single DNA molecule

93
Q

genetic engineering

A

direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

94
Q

gene cloning

A

the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA

95
Q

vector

A

gene carrier

96
Q

DNA ligase

A

joins DNA molecules by covalent bonds

97
Q

restriction enzymes

A

bacterial enzymes that are used as a cutting tool

98
Q

restriction site

A

the DNA sequence recognized by a particular restriction enzyme

99
Q

restriction fragments

A

the pieces of DNA produced by cuts made by restriction enzymes

100
Q

GMO

A

genetically modified organisms

- organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means

101
Q

gene theraphy

A

alteration of an afflicted individuals genes for therapeutic purposes

102
Q

DNA profiling

A

the analysis of DNA samples to determine whether they cam e from the same individuals

103
Q

PCR

A

polymerase chain reaction

- a technique by which a specific segment of a DNA molecule can be targeted and quickly amplified in the laboratory

104
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

thin slab of jellylike material that acts as a molecular sieve that separate macromolecules (usually proteins or nucleic acids) on the basis of size, electrical charge or other physical properties

105
Q

cell division

A

when cell undergoes reproduction, the two daughter cells that result are gentically identical to each other and to the original parent cell

Biology 101 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions