Lab 10, 11, 12 Flashcards
yeas can use several types of sugars as an energy source
glucose, fructose, and sucrose
monosaccharide
glucose and fructose
disaccharide
sucrose (contains glucose and fructose)
fructose
can be converted to glucose
which is the usual molecule used by yeast in fermentation
fructose
respirometer
a device for measuring the amount of gas given off and or consumed
which kingdom does yeast belong to
fungi
what gas was produced in fermentation?
carbon dioxide
what are the reason for the difference gas production among the chamber?
simpler molecules are catalyzed easier and faster, while larger ones requires more work - thus creating more CO2
chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
in eukaryotic cells, which organelle is involved in aerobic cellular respiration
mitochondria
what energy transport molecule is formed as a result of aerobic cellular respiration
36 ATP/per glucose
What is KOH for? and what is it
KOH is potassium hydroxide and it is to pull the carbon dioxide out of the air in the respirometer chamber
Potassium hydroxide joins with carbon dioxide to form
potassium carbonate (a solid) and water
CO2 + 2KOH–> K2CO3 + H2O
As a result of usiing the KOH, changes in the gas volume will be due to consumption of?
O2
Which kingdom does beans belong to?
plantae
dry beans
have not been exposed to moisture and have not begun to germinate
- alive, but dormant, and can last for many years in this state
Can producer organism (such as plants) carry out aerobic cellular respiration?
yes to produce sugar/energy to use in photosynthesis
Germinating bean autothropic or heterothropic
heterotrophic
Do germinating seeds need to breath in oxygen gas?
yes, all seeds need H2O O2 and proper temp to germinate
Will we need light source for fermentation?
no. cellular respiration in plants occur in absence of light energy
digestion
energy from food
physical breakdown
chemical breakdown
Digestive system
mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine
mouth
opening through which food is taken into an animal body
- synonymous with oral cavity
esophagus
muscular tube that conducts food by peristalsis, usually from pharynx to stomach
stomach
organ in a digestive tract that stores food and performs preliminary steps of digestion
small intestine
longest section of the alimentary canal
- it is the principal site of enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and the absorptions of nutrients
large intestine
colon;
- portion of the vertebrate alimentary canal between the small intestines and the anus
- functions mainly in water absorption and the formation of feces
cardiovascular system
heart
blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
what are the blood vessels
arteries
veins
capillaries
heart
muscular pump that propels a circulatory fluid (blood) through vessels to the body
arteries
cary blood away from heart
veins
carry blood back to heart
capillaries
connect arteries to vein
respiratory system
trachea
lungs
trachea
the windpipe
- portion of respiratory tube that passes from larynx to the two bronchi
lungs
an infolded respiratory surface of terrestrial vertebrates that connects to the atmosphere by narrow tubes
excretory system
kidneys
bladder
kidneys
pair of organs located in back of abdomen
bladder
organ that collects urine excreted by kidneys before disperses by urination
Digestive enzyme
– breakdown food
Amylase
– breaks down starch – amylose
- Break down to individual components
- Amylase in salivary gland
upper digestive tract
Mouth and tongue – work together to break down food
Action of tongue agains roof of mouth – food broken down into smaller pieces
Gets swallowed into esphagos and push it down into stomach
Stomach
– holding tank for all material
- both chemical and physical digestion
- squeezes itself constrict and contract mixes
- lining of stomach secretes acid and number of enzymes to work with other kind of materials such as proteins
- not a lot of fat digestion
- further digestion of carb
o can be directly absorb by blood through stomach walls (some) specially small sugar mono, and alcohol
- mass of food consistency of oatmeal pushed out into pharynx sphincter bit by bit into the large intestine…duodenum a lot more enzyme added – chyme (oatmeal consistency massive stuff)
duodenum
- 2 important thing happen
- Bile is added from gall bladder (sits behind liver) – to dissolve fat
o enzymes has to get to fat – fat has to be soluble to water; point of bile
- Bile is added from gall bladder (sits behind liver) – to dissolve fat
- pancreas
o source of gastric juices enzyme
o most have to do with enzyme that break down lipids, carbs, and protein
to small intestine
- 20 ft of tube that is all coiled up inside abdominal cavity along which we have digestion chemical continuing to happen breaking down big to small molecule
- covered with blood vessels – absorbs the nutrients through the intestine to the blood itself
- a lot of absorption into villi))?
before chyme gets to intestine –
bicarbonic acid produced by pancreas to counteract hydrochloric acid – closer to 7 ph ) enzyme works well with acid condition – pancreatic juice don’t work well with base
large intestine – colon
- main job is water reabsorption
- holds large quantity of bacteria (bacteria continue to work and digest material notyet absorbed by small intestines
- 50% in feces is dead bacteria rather than undigested food
90% of water in digestive tracgt is reabsorbed
undigested material and bacteria exit body from
rectum
Cellular respiration
- nutrients C6H12O6 derived from food absorbed by blood
- O2 breathing
- How does o2 gets from the lungs to individual cells - the blood
- Respiratory system
o Intimately tied with circulatory system and digestive system o Center is the heart Simple pump Two different kind of pumping Blood leaves heart to go to lungs
Lungs
– vessels divided by into smaller to capillaries (cell thick wall)
• Microscopic sacs called alveoli (one cell thick wall)
o Expand and contract
o Covered by capillaries (smallest kind of blood vessels)
Vast majority of veins in body carry
o deoxyginated blood
o Most artery carry arterial blood
– oxygenated blood
Heart to the lungs (execption) deoxiginated blood
Veins carry blood from lungs to heart those are oxiginated blood
- Waste product of cell
the two ways it can get rid of byproducts
o Cellular respiration – sugar and O2
Byproduct CO2 and H2O (try to hold onto)
o Gets rid of CO2
- liver and kidney
how does liver gets rid of waste
. Liver acts as detoxification processing plants
• toxins may accumulate in blood remove by liver and turn into nontoxic and les toxin
how does kidney get rid of byproducts
- filtering system that takes unneeded/unwanted materials that are part of blood filter them out and then excrete them from body to the urinary system
- where water gets lost – have to use water in order make soluble the materials found in blood -> urine
o 2 principle components of urine
urea – get rid of excess nitrogen
• digest protein get carbon skeleton as source of energy don’t want nitrogen
bilirubin
• RBC/hgb get reprocessed rapidly 3-5 days – they wear out, don’t havce nuclei don’t reproduce themselves – we get rid of hgb
• Old hgb gets reprocessed
• Makes urine yellow
o urine created in kidney – to bladder – urinate it
Trachea
- windpipe
- epiglottis – when swallow folds over to block trachea off so food will flow pass trachea
- a way of conducting air from outside to the lungs
- inside covered with mucous in order to protect area and trap particular stuff floating in
larynx
- – voice box; within find set of tough muscle called vocal chords
o sound emit base on how vocal chords vibrate
o more narrower the higher pitch the sound
o more relax the deeper the sound
When o2 is not present
– a lot of organisms will ferment instead of respiring
- instead of turning sugar into co2 or water turn something else
- yeast – sugar turned into alcohol and CO2
- experiment accumulation of CO2
- yeast in all of them – control with just water – tube with fructose glucose sucrose, artificial sweetener – each tube has different size bubbling
sources of stored energy include
recently digested food, as well as reserves of carbohydrates
Original cell to duplicated cell “” “”
“parent cell” to two “daughter” cells
cell cycle
cells of same type go to same process from inception to division
eukaryotic cell cycle - three parts
Interphase, Mitosis, and cytokineses
mitosis
refers to the division of the material in the nucleus after DNA has been replicated
Result of Mitosis
two identical nuclei, each having identical numbers and types of chromosomes
Interphase
G1
S
G2
G1
organelles are dividing getting ready for mitosis
S
DNA is duplicated in a process called replication
G2
protein synthesis is at its highest rate as the cell prepares all the enzymes needed for cell division
- end of G2 chromosome pairs start to condense, when they can be distinguished as individual chromosome pairs then interphase is over
Mitosis parts
Prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokenisis
prophase
- chromosome are completely condensed, the nuclear membrane begins to break down and the mitotic spindle starts to appear
metaphase
the chromosome pairs line up at the center of the cell on what is called the metaphase plate (equator)
- mitotic spindle is now fully formed
anaphase
- the sister chromatids separate and are pulled toward the poles (centrioles)
telophase
- the chromosome reach the poles, become dispersed and the nuclear membrane starts to form around each group of chromosomes
Cytokinesis
- (third stage of cell cycle)
- cell divides into two completely separate daughter cells each one identical to the parent cell
Plant mitosis - difference
- theres a mitotic spindle but theres no centrioles in plants
- cytokinesis shows the most obvious difference in plant cells - theres no cleavage furrow
in plant cells a new cell membrane and cell wall is formed along the?
metaphase plate
What are the stages of a typical cell cycle?
Interphase (G1, S, G2) -> Mitosis (Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) -> Cytokinesis
What happens during S phase?
DNA replication
Chromatid
- one copy of a newly replicated chromosome, which is typically joined to the other copy of a single centromere, “Sister Chromatid”
how many cells result from mitosis?
2 daughter cells
What are the major difference between animal and plant mitosis
- animal does not have cell wall, has cleavage furrows
- plant cells has cell walls; no cleavage; more prominent in cytokinesis; has no centrioles; and new cell membrane and cell wall is formed along the metaphase plate
chromatin
complex macromolecules found in nucleus consisting of DNA protein and RNA
centromere
part of the chromosome that links sister chromatids
centriole
- cytoskeleton
- found in pairs and move towards the poles opposite ends of nucleus when its time for cell division
chromosome
- thread- like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells
- made up of protein and a single molecule of DNA
spindle
- a collection of minute fibers composed of microtubules, which are prominent during cell division, as mitotic spindle or mitotic apparatus
cell plate
- in plants
- a plate that develops at the midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell and that is involved in forming the wall between the two new daughter cells
cleavage furrow
the indentation of the cells’ surface that begins the progression of cleavage as the cell divides
many eukaryotic organism produce new organism through
sexual reproduction
sexual reproduction occurs when
the genetic material of one individual is mixed with the material of another individual of the same species resulting in an offspring which shares the genetic material of both parents
in order for the offspring to have the same amount of genetic material as the parents, the cells (gametes) involved in sexual reproduction must have
half the number of chromosomes ( haploid 1N) as the normal cells of that individual (somatic cell)
in order for gametes to develop with only half the normal number of chromosome, somatic cells must undergo?
a reduction in chromosome number
- meiosis
Meiosis produces
4 non-identical daughter cells all having half the number of chromosomes as in normal somatic cells
tetrads
the pairing formation of the homologous chromosome of the mother and father
synapsis
the forming of tetrads
crossing over
homologous pair exchanging genes
independent assortment
the homologous chromosomes align themselves with the center of the cell during metaphase of meiosis
segregation
the homologous chromosome pairs separate from their counterparts but the sister chromatids stay together as they migrate toward opposite ends of the cell
gamete
a sex cell; a haploid egg or sperm; the union of gametes of two opposite sex (fertilization) produces a zygote
embryo
developing stage of a multicellular organism
- in humans, the stage in the development of offspring from the first division of the zygote until body structures begin to appear, about the 9th week of gestation
haploid
in the life cycle of an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing a single set of chromosomes an n cell
diploid
in an organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing two homologous sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent; a 2n cell
morphogenesis
is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape
- it is one of the three fundamental aspects of developmental biology along with the control of cell growth and cellular differentiation
gametogenesis
biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes
ectoderm
the outer layer of three embryonic cell layers in a gastrula. the ectoderm forms the skin of the gastrula and give rise to the epidermis and nervous system in the adult
