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Hematology 2 PPT > WEEK 1- Introduction & The Vascular system > Flashcards

WEEK 1- Introduction & The Vascular system Flashcards

1
Q

a complex physiologic process that keeps circulating blood in a fluid state and then, when an injury occurs, produces a clot to stop the bleeding, confines the clot to the site of injury, and finally dissolves the clot as the wound heals

A

Hemostasis

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2
Q

uncontrolled bleeding

A

Hemorrhage

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3
Q

pathologic clotting

A

Thrombosis

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4
Q

Out of balance

A

Hemostasis

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5
Q

Overview of hemostasis

A

Vasoconstriction
Platelet adhesion and aggregation
Coagulation enzyme and activation

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6
Q

Cellular elements of hemostasis

A

Cells of vascular intima
Extravascular tissue factor (TF bearing cells)
Platelets

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7
Q

Plasma components of hemostasis

A

Coagulation proteins
Fibrinolytic proteins

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8
Q

Refers to the role of blood vessels and platelets in the initial response to a vascular injury or to the commonplace desquamation of dying or damaged endothelial cells

A

PRIMARY HEMOSTASIS

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9
Q

describes the activation of a series of coagulation proteins in the plasma, mostly serine proteases, to form a fibrin clot

A

Secondary Hemostasis

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10
Q

the final event of hemostasis

A

Fibrinolysis

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11
Q

the gradual digestion and removal of fibrin
clot as healing occurs

A

Fibrinolysis

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12
Q

Activated by desquamation and small injuries to blood vessels

A

Primary hemostasis

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13
Q

Activated by large injuries to blood vessels and surrounding tissues

A

Secondary hemostasis

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14
Q

Involves vascular intima and platelets

A

Primary hemostasis

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15
Q

Rapid, short-lived response

A

Primary hemostasis

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16
Q

Procoagulant substances exposed or released by damaged or activated endothelial cells

A

Primary hemostasis

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17
Q

Activated by large injuries to blood vessels and surrounding tissues

A

Secondary hemostasis

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18
Q

Delayed, long-term response

A

Secondary hemostasis

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19
Q

The activator, tissue factor, is exposed on cell membranes

A

Secondary hemostasis

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20
Q

Are complex and heterogeneous and distributed throughout the body

A

Endothelial cells

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21
Q

Display unique structural and functional characteristics and play essential roles in immune response, vascular permeability, proliferation, and hemostasis

A

Endothelial cells

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22
Q

Form a smooth, unbroken surface that eases the fluid passage of blood

A

Endothelial cells

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23
Q

Innermost vascular lining

A

Endothelial cells (endothelium)

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24
Q

Supporting the endothelial cells

A

Internal elastic lamina composed of elastin and collagen

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25
Q

Subendothelial connective tissue

A

Collagen and fibroblasts in veins
Collagen, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells in arteries

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26
Q

Anticoagulant Properties of Vascular Intima

A

Prostacyclin
Nitric oxide
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor
Thrombomodulin
Heparan sulfate

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27
Q

Procoagulant Properties of Vascular Intima

A

Vasoconstriction
Collagen
Von Willebrand Factor (vWF)
ADAMTS-13
P-selectin
Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs)
Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecules (PECAMs)
Smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts
Tissue Factor

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28
Q

Fibrinolytic Properties of Vascular Intima

A

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA)
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
Thrombin Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor (TAFI)

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29
Q

Platelet Morphology size

A

2-4 um

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30
Q

Platelet Morphology shape

A

disk-shaped, biconvex/spiky

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31
Q

Plate morphology Cytoplasm

A

light blue to purple, presence of chromomere and hyalomere

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32
Q

Platelet morphology Chromomere

A

granular and located centrally

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33
Q

Platelet morphology hyalomere

A

agranular and located in the periphery

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34
Q

serves as the body’s first line of defense against blood loss

A

Platelets

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35
Q

Platelets roll and cling to non platelet surfaces

A

Adhesion

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36
Q

Plateleys adhere to each other

A

Aggregation

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37
Q

Platelets discharge the contents of their granules

A

Secretion

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38
Q

Reversible

A

Adhesion

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39
Q

Irreversible

A

Aggregation
Secretion

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40
Q

Seals endothelial gaps, some secretion of growth factors , in arterioles VWF is necessary for adhesion

A

Adhesion

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41
Q

Platelet plugs form, platelet contents are secreted, requires fibrinogen

A

Aggregation

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42
Q

Occurs during aggregation, platelet contents are secreted, essential to coagulation

A

Secretion

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43
Q

Platelet dense granules

A

Adenosine diphosphaye (activates neighboring platelets)
Adenosine triphosphate
Calcium
Serotonin ( vasoconstrictor)

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44
Q

Plasma transports at least 16 procoagulant, also called

A

Coagulation fctors

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45
Q

Coagulation factors are synthesized in

A

Liver

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46
Q

How many enzymes that circulate as zymogens

A

8

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47
Q

In ________, the International Committee for the Standardization of the Nomenclature of the Blood Clotting Factors officially named the plasma procoagulants using _______________ in the order of their __________________.

A

1958
Roman numerals
Initial discovery / description

48
Q

Factor 1

A

Fibrinogen

49
Q

Factor II

A

Prothrombin

50
Q

Factor III

A

Tissue factor

51
Q

Factor IV

A

Ionic calcium

52
Q

Factor VIII

A

Antihemophilic factor

53
Q

Factor IX

A

Christmas factor

54
Q

Factor X

A

Stuart-prower factor

55
Q

Factor XII

A

Hageman factor

56
Q

Prekallikrein

A

Fletcher factor

57
Q

HMWK

A

Fritzegerald factor

58
Q

Factor XIII

A

Fibrin-stabilizing factor

59
Q

Platelet factor 3

A

Phospholipids, phosphatidyl serine, PF 3

60
Q

Serine proteases

A

FACTOR IX, X,XI,VII, II, XII, pre-K

61
Q

Thrombin substrate, polymerizes to form fibrin

A

Factor I - Fibrinogen

62
Q

Cofactors

A

Factor III
Factor V
Factor VIII
HMWK

63
Q

Mineral

A

Factor IV- ionic calcium

64
Q

Factor VIII carrier and platelet adhesion

A

Von willebrand factor

65
Q

Transglutaminase, transamidase

A

Factor XIII

66
Q

Zymogens

A

• Prekallikrein
. FXII
. FXI
. FIX
F X
*FVII
* Prothrombin
* FXIII

67
Q

Procoagulants in cofactor

A

HMWK
TISSUE FACTOR
FVIII
FV

68
Q

Coagulation control proteins

A

Protein Z
Protein S
Thrombomodulin

69
Q

These are named prothrombin group because of their structural resemblance to prothrombin

A

Vitamin-K Dependent Prothrombin Group

70
Q

_____________ quinone found in green leafy vegetables and is produced by the intestinal organisms ____________ and ______________.

A

Vitamin K
Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli

71
Q

Vitamin K-Dependent Coagulation Factors Procoagulants

A

Prothrombin
VII
IX
X

72
Q

Vitamin K-Dependent Coagulation Factors Regulatory Proteins

A

Protein C
Protein S
Protein Z

73
Q

The pathways were characterized as cascades in
that as one enzyme becomes activated, it in turn
activated the next enzyme in sequence

A

Coagulation Pathways

74
Q

Coagulation Pathways

A

● Intrinsic pathway
● Extrinsic pathway
● Common pathway

75
Q

Intrinsic Pathway

A

VIII, IX, XI, XII
I, II, V, X

76
Q

Extrinsic Pathway

A

VII I, II, V, X

77
Q

Common pathway

A

I, II, V, X

78
Q

The coagulation pathways are ____________

A

INTERDEPENDENT

79
Q

Normal physiologic coagulation requires the presence of two cell types for formation of coagulation complexes:

A
  1. Cells that express tissue factor (usually extravascular)
  2. Platelets (intravascular)
80
Q

Two Phases of Coagulation

A

Initiation
Propagation

81
Q

Occurs on tissue-factor bearing cells

A

Initiation

82
Q

Occurring on platelets

A

Propagation

83
Q

Ensures that coagulation is localized and is not a systemic response (prevents excessive clotting or thrombosis)

A

Coagulation Regulatory Mechanisms

84
Q

Principal regulators

A
  1. Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI)
  2. Activated Protein C (APC)
  3. Antithombin (AT)
85
Q

The final stage of hemostatic activation

A

Fibrinolysis

86
Q

Is the systematic, accelerating hydrolysis of fibrin by plasmin

A

Fibrinolysis

87
Q

binds to the lysine moieties on the fibrin molecule

A

Plasminogen

88
Q

active form of plasminogen

A

Plasmin

89
Q

Plasminogen Activation

A

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA)
Urokinase Plasminogen Activator (UPA)

90
Q

Control of Fibrinolysis

A

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
Alpha 2- Antiplasmin
Thrombin Activatable Fibrinolysis

91
Q

Active form is the plasma serine protease plasmin, digests fibrin/fibrinogen

A

Plasminogen

92
Q

Serine protease secreted by activated endothelium,
activates plasminogen

A

Tissue plasminogen activator (TA)

93
Q

Serine protease secreted by kidney cells, activates
plasminogen

A

Urokinase plasminogen activator (UPA)

94
Q

Serpin secreted by endothelium, inhibits tissue plasmino-
gen activator

A

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)

95
Q

Serpin, inhibits free plasmin

A

A2-Antiplasmin

96
Q

Suppresses fibrinolysis by removing fibrin C-terminal lysine binding sites blocking TPA and plasminogen binding

A

Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI)

97
Q

soft tissue hemorrhage – a generalized bleeding that is seen in acquired or congenital defects in secondary hemostasis

A

Anatomic hemorrhage

98
Q

Pattern of inheritance in which the transmission of a dominant allele on an autosome causes a trait to be expressed in heterozygotes

A

Autosomal dominant

99
Q

Pattern of inheritance resulting from the transmission of a recessive allele that is not expressed in heterozygotes

A

Autosomal recessive

100
Q

Hemorrhagic spot, 1 cm or larger in diameter, typically forming an irregular blue or purplish patch. Also known as bruise

A

Ecchymoses

101
Q

Nosebleed that requires intervention

A

Epistaxis

102
Q

Bleeding from multiple sites, spontaneous and recurring bleeds, or hemorrhage that requires physical intervention of transfusion.

A

Generalized hemorrhage

103
Q

Chronic joint bleeds that cause inflammation and immobilization

A

Hemarthroses

104
Q

Vomiting of bright red blood

A

Hematemesis

105
Q

Localized collection of extravasated blood, usually clotted, in an organ space or tissue

A

Hematoma

106
Q

Intact RBCs in the urine

A

Hematuria

107
Q

Free hemoglobin in the urine

A

Hemoglobinuria

108
Q

Expectoration of blood secondary to hemorrhage in the larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

A

Hemoptysis

109
Q

Acute severe blood loss requiring intervention and transfusions

A

Hemorrhage

110
Q

Passage of fresh, red blood in your stool

A

Hematochezia

111
Q

Bleeding from a single location

A

Localized hemorrhage

112
Q

Stool containing dark red or black blood

A

Melena

113
Q

Abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual periods

A

Menorrhagia

114
Q

Or systemic bleeding – a generalized bleeding that may indicate a disorder of primary hemostasis

A

Mucocutaneous hemorrhage

115
Q

Pinpoint purple or red spots on the skin or mucous membranes, approximately 1mm in diameter

A

Petechiae

116
Q

Purple skin discoloration, typically rounded with a diameter of greater than 3mm

A

Purpura

117
Q

Formation, development, or presence of a clot in a blood vessel

A

Thrombosis

Hematology 2 PPT (7 decks)

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