Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Hematology 2 PPT > Automation > Flashcards

Automation Flashcards

1
Q

Platelet Function Tests

A

○ Platelet Aggregometers
○ Platelet function Analyzers
○ Flow Cytometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Visual clot-based testing traces back to the

A

18th century

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Visual clot based initial observation

A

blood clotting from samples taken from
dogs and humans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Visual clot based Advancements

A

Temperature control during clot formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Visual clot based Observation methods

A

passing objects through blood and
using glass tubes evolved.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

First clot detection instrument

A

1910 - Koagulovis-kosimeter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Koagulovis-kosimeter measures what?

A

measured blood viscosity change during clotting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Later development of visual clot based led to

A

thromboelastograph (TEG) and sonar clot detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Plasma coagulation testing began in? With addition of what?

A

1920
Addition of calcium chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

laid the foundation for PT and PTT assays.

A

Grams method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Initial testing involved manual methods like ________

A

Tilt-tube technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

First coagulometer

A

BBL Fibrometer in 1950s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Subsequent developments included _____________ and __________

A

Rolling steel ball and Photo-optical measurements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Modern instrumentation integrates

A

clot-based assays,
chromogenic assays
immunoassays for comprehensive testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Assay End–Point Detection Principles

A

Obeservation based
Feel based

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Utilizes “observation” of clot formation

A

Observation-Based End-Point Detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Commonly used in traditional coagulation instruments

A

Observation-Based End-Point Detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Observation-Based End-Point Detection uses what device?

A

Optical and nephelometric devices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Detects clot formation by “feel”

A

Feel-based end-point detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Early instruments primarily relied on mechanical principles

A

Feel-Based End-Point Detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Feel-Based End-Point Detection uses what device

A

Mechanical and viscosity-based devices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Technological Advancements

A

● Transition to photo–optical detection
● Fixed wavelength between 500 and 600 nm
● Integration of viscoelastic end–point detection for
specialty testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Modern Instrumentation

A

● Integration of multiple end-point mechanisms
● Incorporation of chromogenic and immunoassay-based testing
● Streamlining laboratory workflows for routine and
specialized testing need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Measure a change in conductivity between two metal electrodes in plasma

A

Mechanical Clot End-Point Detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

first semi-automated instrument to be used routinely in the coagulation laboratory

A

BBL fibrometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Has one stationary and one moving electrode

A

BBL FIBROMETER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

BBL FIBROMETER Moving electrodes

A

enters and leaves (breaks the current between the electrodes) the plasma
at regular intervals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

BBL FIBROMETER PRINCIPLE

A

○ When a clot forms, the fibrin strand conducts current between the electrodes even when the
moving electrode exits the solution. (stops the timer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Another method that uses magnetic sensors that monitors the movement of a steel ball within the test plasma

A

Magnetic sensors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

An electromagnetic field detects the oscillation of a steel ball within the plasma-reagent solution (fibrin formation increases viscosity and slows the movement until the oscillation decreases to a predefined rate — timer stops)

A

Magnetic sensors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

MAGNETIC SENSORS

■ A steel ball is________________________. As the well rotates, the ball remains positioned on the incline and is only swept out as fibrin forms. The position is detected by a magnetic sensor. Timer stops as it moves away from the senso

A

positioned in an inclined well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Detect changes in plasma optical density (OD) during the clotting process

A

Photo-Optical Clot End-Point Detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Light of a specific wavelength passes through the sample, and its intensity (OD) is recorded by a photodetector.

A

Photo-Optical Clot End-Point Detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

OD depends on

A

specimen color and clarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Photo-Optical Clot End-Point Detection principle

A

Formation of fibrin strands causes light to scatter → less light to fall on the photodetector → increase in OD
● Timer stops when the OD rises to a predetermined variance from the baseline
Collim. l

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Used to detect clot formation in the past and is still used today in particular instruments for whole blood clotting

A

Viscoelastic Clot Detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Viscoelastic clot detection
Information can be obtained on:

A

○ The time of clot
○ Kinetics of whole blood clot formation
○ Clot strength
○ Fibrinolytic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Uses a synthetic small peptide substrate (three amino acids that matches the factor) conjugated to a chromophore

A

Chromogenic end-point detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Chromogenic End-Point Detection uses what?

A

Para-nitroaniline or pNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Measures the activity of a specific coagulation factor (exploits the factor’s enzymatic properties)

A

Chromogenic End-Point Detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The factor cleaves the chromogenic substrate at the site binding the oligopeptide to the pNA, freeing the pNA

A

Chromogenic End-Point Detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Colors
Free pNa
Bound pNa

A

Yellow
Clear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

chromogenic End-Point Detection
● The OD of the solution is proportional to protease activity and is measured by a photodetector at

A

405 nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

OD is proportional to the activity of the analyte being measured

A

Direct chromogenic assay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Direct chromogenic assay example

A

Protein C activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Protein or analyte being measured inhibits a target enzyme (has the activity toward the chromogenic
substrate)

A

Indirect chromogenic assay

47
Q

○ OD is inversely proportional to the concentration or activity of the substance being measured

A

Indirect chromogenic assay

48
Q

Indirect Chromogenic Assay: example

A

Anti-factor Xa assay

49
Q

Chromogenic assay application

A

○ Measure specific coagulation factors’ activity
○ Assess inhibitors and quantitative substances like heparin

50
Q

Chromogenic assay benefits

A

○ High specificity and sensitivity
○ Quantitative assessment of coagulation factors
○ Enables precise diagnosis and monitoring of coagulation disorders

51
Q

Is a modification of photo-optical end-point detection in which 90-degree or forward-angle light scatter rather than OD is measured

A

Nephelometric End–Point Detection

52
Q

Nephelometric End–Point Detection

A ______________ produces incident light at approx. ________, and a ___________ detects variations in light scatter at 90 degrees (side) and 180 degrees (forward)

A

Light-emitting diode 600 nm
Photodetector

53
Q

Nephelometric End–Point Detection principle

A

Formation of fibrin polymers causes side and forward-angle scatter to rise. Timer stops as it reaches a predetermined intensity

54
Q

Continuous readings throughout the clotting period
produce a clot curve or signature

A

Nephelometric End–Point Detection

55
Q

Provides a quantitative assay of coagulation factors

A

Nephelometric End–Point Detection

56
Q

Are based on antigen–antibody coagulation testing

A

Immunologic Light Absorbance End-Point
Detection

57
Q

Uses light absorbance to detect an end-point

A

Immunologic Light Absorbance End-Point
Detection

58
Q

Latex microparticles are coated with antibodies directed against the selected antigen, forming agglutinates that absorb light that is proportional to the antigen levels.

A

Immunologic Light Absorbance End-Point
Detection

59
Q

Immunologic Light Absorbance End-Point
Detection principle

A

The increased in light absorbance is proportional to the size of the agglutinates, which in turn is proportional to the antigen level

60
Q

Are useful to evaluate specimens from patients who have circulating inhibitors or who are on treatment

A

Chromogenic

61
Q

Is isolated to the specific chemical (enzymatic) reaction in question rather than the entire coagulation cascade

A

Chromogenic

62
Q

specific than clot–based assays

A

Chromogenic

63
Q

Not affected by icterus or lipemia

A

Mechanical clot end–based methods

64
Q

Able to detect weak clots (low fibrinogen or factor XIII deficiency)

A

Mechanical clot end–based methods

65
Q

May be confounded by icterus or lipemia

A

Photo-optical clot end-point detection

66
Q

All reagents and specimens are transferred manually by the operator.

A

Manual and semiautomated

67
Q

Temperature is maintained by a water
bath or heat block;

68
Q

external measurement by operator may be required.

69
Q

End-point is determined visually by the operator.

70
Q

Timer is initiated and stopped by the operator.

71
Q

Manual example

A

Tilt tube
Wire loop

72
Q

Instrument usually contains a device
for maintaining constant 37° C temperature.

A

Semiautomated

73
Q

Analyzer may internally monitor temperature.

A

Semiautomated

74
Q

Instrument has a mechanism to initiate a timing device automatically on addition of final reagent and a mechanism for detecting clot formation and stopping the timer.

A

Semiautomated

75
Q

All reagents are automatically pipetted by the instrument.

76
Q

Specimens may or may not be automatically pipetted.

77
Q

Analyzer contains monitoring devices and an internal mechanism to maintain and monitor constant 37° C temperature throughout the testing sequence.

78
Q

Timers are initiated and clot formation is detected automatically.

79
Q

Automated coagulometers offer random access testing, allowing a variety of tests to be run in any order.

A

Random access training

80
Q

● Visual methods necessitated duplicate testing to reduce the coefficient of variation, often exceeding 20%
● Fully automated instruments have significantly enhanced precision, eliminating the need for duplicate testing
● Coefficients of variation of less than 5% are typically achieved, reducing material and reagent costs by half.

A

Improved Accuracy and Precision

81
Q

Previous analyzers required batching, limiting the number of assays that could be run simultaneously

A

Random Access Testing

82
Q

Random access training

Current analyzers can run multiple tests limited only by _________________ and ____________________ methodologies

A

reagent storage capacity and end-point detection

83
Q

Random acess training benefits

A

improved turnaround times, reduced errors, and decreased labor costs.

84
Q

Reduced reagent and specimen volumes

A

Improved Reagent Handling

85
Q

The ability to select reagents independently of the analyzer is a high priority

A

Open regent system

86
Q

Keep records of reagent lot numbers and expiration dates, on–board monitoring of reagent volumes with flagging systems, and reagent barcoding

A

Reagent tracking

87
Q

Open reagent system and reagent tracking belongs to what?

A

Improved Reagent Handling

88
Q

Improved specimen anage is composed of

A

Primary tube sampling
closed tube sampling
Automatic dilutions

89
Q

Eliminates the need to separate the plasma into the secondary tube

A

Primary tube sampling

90
Q

Placement of the primary blood collection tube without removing the blue stopper (the cap is pierced by a needle in the instrument that
aspirates plasma)

A

Closed-tube sampling

91
Q

Instruments often accommodate multiple tube sizes

A

Primary tube sampling

92
Q

Eliminates cross-over between specimens

A

Closed-tube sampling

93
Q

Significant time savings occur

A

Primary tube sampling

94
Q

Reduces the risk to the staff of specimen exposure

A

Closed-tube sampling

95
Q

Eliminates the need for the operator to perform tasks manually

A

Automatic dilutions

96
Q

Expanded computer capabilities

A

Data storage and retrieval
Programming flexibility
Instrument interfacing

97
Q

Quality control files stored, eliminating manual logging

A

Data Storage and Retrieval

98
Q

Multiple calibration curves accessible

A

Data Storage and Retrieval

99
Q

Quality control files stored, eliminating manual logging

A

Data Storage and Retrieval

100
Q

Easily changeable testing parameters

A

Programming Flexibility

101
Q

Preprogrammed test protocols

A

Programming Flexibility

102
Q

User–programmable additional tests for enhanced flexibility

A

Programming Flexibility

103
Q

Integration with laboratory information systems

A

Instrument Interfacing

104
Q

Specimen bar coding for efficient tracking

A

Instrument Interfacing

105
Q

Bidirectional interfaces for streamlined workflow

A

Instrument Interfacing

106
Q

Alert operator when preset criteria have been exceeded for instrument performance and specimen quality

107
Q

Quality Features of Automated Assay
Performance

A

Flagging
Reflex testing
Kinetics of clot formtion

108
Q

Is the automatic ordering of tests based on preset parameters or the results of prior tests

A

Reflex testing

109
Q

final result does not need to wait for review by the operator before follow up action is initiated by the instrument

A

Reflex testing

110
Q

graphing for enhanced analysis and
troubleshooting

A

Kinetics of clot formation

111
Q

Specimen Quality Set Points

A

● Lipemia: will falsely prolong clotting time
● Icterus: will falsely prolong clotting time
● Abnormal clot formation: will falsely prolong clotting time
● Clotted: will falsely shorten clotting time
● Hemolysis: will falsely shorten clotting time
● No end-point detection: consider alternative testing methods

112
Q

Selection of Coagulation Instrumentation

A

● Considerations for cost-effectiveness, testing capabilities, and standardization
● Identify testing needs based on patient population
● Collaboration with medical staff for test appropriateness
● Match instrument to anticipated workload
● Consider sending out esoteric or low-volume tests to reference laboratories
● Throughput of routine coagulation tests
● Additional features prioritization
● Specialized features consideration for advantageous capabilities

Hematology 2 PPT (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions