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Hematology 2 PPT > Automation Part 2 > Flashcards

Automation Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

utilize various end-point detection techniques.

A

POC coagulation analyzers

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2
Q

Newer versions feature of POC:

A

○ Touch screen interface
○ Wireless transmission of results in real-time
○ Micro-blood volumes

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3
Q

Examples of Common POC Tests:

A

ACT
PT/INR

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4
Q

Introduced in 1966 for heparin monitoring during cardiac surgery

A

Whole Blood Activated Clotting Time (ACT):

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5
Q

Monitoring oral anticoagulant therapy, such as Coumadin.

A

Prothrombin Time/International Normalized Ratio (PT/INR):

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6
Q

Point-of-care coagulation testing offers rapid and convenient testing options, but__________________________________________ for accurate clinical decision making.

A

careful validation and understanding of differences between POC and central laboratory results are essential

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7
Q

Validations and Considerations

A

○ POC device results validated against plasma-based assays in central laboratories.
○ Differences in instrumentation, reagents, and specimens may impact correlation between POC and central laboratory results.
○ Clinical decisions reliant on accurate understanding of differences between POC and central laboratory results

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8
Q

Thromboelastography was developed in

A

1948

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9
Q

Used the viscoelastic property of blood clotting

A

Thromboelastography

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10
Q

Provides information on the entire kinetic process of whole blood clot formation

A

Global Hemostasis Assessment ( thromboelastogrphy)

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11
Q

Global Hemostasis Assessment
specimen

A

Whole blood

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12
Q

Allows evaluation of interactions of platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes, plasma coagulation factors, and plasma proteins

A

Global Hemostasis Assessment (Thromboelastography)

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13
Q

Assesses both bleeding and thrombosis risk

A

Global Hemostasis Assessment Thromboelastography

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14
Q

Provides an evaluation of fibrinolysis and a hypercoagulable state

A

Global Hemostasis Assessment

Thromboelastography

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15
Q

TEG Thromboelastograph Hemostasis Analyzer System form Haemonetics specimen

A

Nonanticoagulated or citrated WB

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16
Q

TEG Thromboelastograph Hemostasis Analyzer
System form Haemonetics reagent

A

Kaolin

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17
Q

TEG Thromboelastograph Hemostasis Analyzer
System form Haemonetics principle

A

As the blood clots, the resulting pin torque generates an electrical signal from the torsion wire.

The signal is plotted as a function of time to produce a TEG
tracing

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18
Q

The TEG tracing determines

A

○ Speed, strength, and stability of clot formation
○ Downstream of fibrinolysis

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19
Q

A new version of thromboelastography

A

Rotational Thromboelastometry (ROTEM)

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20
Q

based on the original instrument design

A

TEG Thromboelastograph Hemostasis Analyzer
System form Haemonetics

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21
Q

ROTEM Enhancements

A

○ Not sensitive to vibrations
○ Has four test channels
○ Touch screen
○ Automated pipettor

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22
Q

Pin (rotates) and cup (stationary)

A

ROTEM

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23
Q

Pin

A

Rotates

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24
Q

Cup

A

Stationary

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25
Q

ROTEM Principle

A

● Upon clot formation, the increased tension from fibrin binding the cup to the pin is detected by sensors.
● The tracing is recorded as clot evolves over time

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26
Q

Clot signature of ROTEM and TEG is the _______

A

Same

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27
Q

TEG and ROTEM Results are available within

A

10-20 minutes

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28
Q

TEG AND ROTEM Disadvantages

A

○ The assay results are operator dependent
○ Require training
○ Demand a certain level of skill to perform a quality assay
○ Result interpretation requires skill, knowledge, and experience

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29
Q

TEG AND ROTEM
Clot initiation or clotting time

A

TEG - R (reaction time)
ROTEM- CT (clotting time)

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30
Q

TEG AND ROTEM
Clot kinetics

A

TEG- K
ROTEM- CFT ( clot formation time)

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31
Q

Time of initial fibrin

A

Clot of initiation time or clotting time

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32
Q

A measure of the spreed to reach a specific level of clot strength

A

Clot kinetics

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33
Q

Measure the rate of clot formation, reflects the rate of fibrin formation and cross linking

A

Angle

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34
Q

Measure of the strength of the clot

A

Clot strength

35
Q

TEG AND ROTEM
Clot strength

A

TEG - MA (maximum amplitude)
ROTEM- MCF (maximum clot firmness)

36
Q

TEG AND ROTEM
Clot stability

A

TEG- Lys30 (lysis at 30 minutes as a ratio of MA)
ROTEM- CLI (clot lysis index)

37
Q

Measure of the rate of amplitude reduction

A

Clot stability

38
Q

The demand increased due to the need to monitor the efficacy of antiplatelet therapy

A

Platelet function testing

39
Q

Preoperative evaluation of platelet function is important in hemostatic management, particularly if the patient has a _____________________ or if the ___________________

A

History of bleeding
Anti platelet medication

40
Q

Classic platelet aggregometry developed by

A

Born in 1962

41
Q

Classic platelet aggregometry developed by Born in 1962 measures _________________

A

light transmission induced by various agonists.

42
Q

New devices detect platelet aggregation based on

A

Whole blood impedance
Luminescence
Light scatter

43
Q

Examples of Platelet Aggregometers:

A

PAP-8E from BioData
Chrono-Log Whole Blood/Optical Lumi Aggregation System
Multiplate Analyzer from Diapharma
AggRAM from Helena

44
Q

Uses the light transmittance principle by Born

A

Classic Platelet Aggregometry

45
Q

Measure the increase light transmission that occurs in direct proportion to platelet aggregation

A

Classic Platelet Aggregometry

46
Q

Induced by various agonists

A

Classic Platelet Aggregometry

47
Q

Upon activation, platelets become sticky and adhere to metal sensor wires (electrodes)

A

Whole Blood Aggregation by Impedance

48
Q

Platelet Aggregometers
● Three calculated parameters:

A

○ Maximum percentage aggregation
○ Area under the curve
○ Velocity

49
Q

Is an eight-channel platelet aggregometer with a touch screen and on-screen procedure templates

A

PAP–8E from BioData

50
Q

Uses LTA and a low sample volume

A

PAP–8E from BioData

51
Q

PAP–8E from BioData sample

52
Q

Has a whole blood/optical lumi–aggregation system

A

Chrono-Log

53
Q

Chrono-Log sample

54
Q

Provides for platelet aggregation (impedance) and measures platelet secretion (optical density) response

A

. Chrono-Log

55
Q

Also called Whole–Blood Multiple Electrode Platelet Aggregometer (MEA)

A

Multiplate Analyzer from Diapharma

56
Q

Monitors platelet function by impedance

A

Multiplate Analyzer from Diapharma

57
Q

Correlate well with LTA in testing therapeutic efficacy

A

Multiplate Analyzer from Diapharma

58
Q

A modular system for platelet aggregation and ristocetin cofactor testing

A

AggRAM from Helena

59
Q

Use laser diode measuring at a wavelength of 650 nm

A

AggRAM from Helena

60
Q

Platelet Aggregometers

A

PAP–8E from BioData
Chrono-Log
Multiplate Analyzer from Diapharma
AggRAM from Helena

61
Q

Platelet Function Analyzers

A

Siemens PFA-100 Platelet Function Analyzer
Verify Now from Accriva Diagnostics
Plateletworks Platelet Function Assay (Helena)

62
Q

Automated instrument that provides rapid results on quanti- and qualitative platelet abnormalities

A

Siemens PFA-100 Platelet Function Analyzer

63
Q

Siemens PFA-100 Platelet Function Analyzer

Test cartridges stimulate platelet aggregation using _________________ or __________________.

A

collagen/epinephrine or collagen/ADP.

64
Q

Measures the time for a platelet plug to occlude a microscopic aperture.

A

Siemens PFA-100 Platelet Function Analyzer

65
Q

Successful in detecting von Willebrand disease and assessing aspirin therapy efficacy

A

Siemens PFA-100 Platelet Function Analyzer

66
Q

Optical detection system measuring platelet aggregation by microbead agglutination.

A

Verify Now from Accriva Diagnostics

67
Q

Uses disposable cartridges with fibrinogen-coated beads and platelet agonists.

A

Verify Now from Accriva Diagnostics

68
Q

Provides aspirin assay, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor assay, and P2Y12 inhibitor assay.

A

Verify Now from Accriva Diagnostics

69
Q

Suitable for near-patient testing

A

Verify Now from Accriva Diagnostics

70
Q

Can be run on any standard impedance cell counter

A

Plateletworks Platelet Function Assay (Helena)

71
Q

Aggregation results based on platelet count before and after activation

A

Plateletworks Platelet Function Assay (Helena)

72
Q

Blood collected via venipuncture directly into tubes provided in the kit.

A

Plateletworks Platelet Function Assay (Helena)

73
Q

ideal for presurgical screening and antiplatelet therapy monitoring.

A

Plateletworks Platelet Function Assay (Helena)

74
Q

offer advantages over conventional platelet
aggregation studies.

A

Flow cytometry assays

75
Q

Whole blood testing provides a more physiologic evaluation.

A

Flow Cytometry

76
Q

Requires minimal specimen volumes, suitable for pediatric and difficult-to-draw patients.

A

Flow Cytometry

77
Q

Able to measure multiple cellular activation-dependent changes related to platelet function.

A

Flow cytometry

78
Q

Available for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), but currently laboratory developed tests (LDTs).

A

Flow cytometry

79
Q

revolutionized the diagnosis
of thrombophilia and related disorders

A

Molecular testing in the coagulation laboratory

80
Q

Molecular testing in the coagulation laboratory Commonly tested gene mutations include

A

Factor V Leiden
Prothrombin G20210A
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR).

81
Q

widely used for their accuracy in detecting point mutations and single-nucleotide polymorphisms

A

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays

82
Q

while less common, is another method for analyzing PCR product

A

Restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis

83
Q

like the Invader assay offer high-throughput capabilities and allele-specific hybridization.

A

Non-PCR-based methods

84
Q

Molecular testing provides

A

high sensitivity and specificity without interference from anticoagulants or inhibitors.

Hematology 2 PPT (12 decks)

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