Week 1 - E - Pathology of Ear, nose and throat Flashcards
What are the glands that produce ear wax in the ear canal?
Ceruminous glands
What type of mucosa lines the external acoustic meatus and the ear canal?
Skin - keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Fun question, how many bones are in the human body? What part of the ear is lined with columnar mucosa?
206 bones Middle ear is columnar lined mucosa
What is the nasal vestibule lined with?
The nasal vestibule is lined with stratified squamous epithelium changing from keratinized to non-keratinized
Noses and sinuses are lined by respiratory epithelium What is this epithelium? What is respiratory epithelium in the nose also known as?
This pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells Respiratory epithelium is also known as Schneiderian epithelium
Are salivary glands exocrine or endocrine and what are the two components?
They are exocrine Have a ductular and acinar component
What is inflammation of the middle ear known as? Is otitis media usually viral r bacterial?
Known as otitis media It is usually a viral condition
What bacteria can usually cause otitis media?
Strep. Pnuemoniae,
H. Influenzae and
moraxella catarrhalis
What bacteria can cause chronic otitis media? It usually stinks
pseudomonas aeruginosa
What is skin growth in the middle ear known as? Not cholesterol or a tumour
Cholesteatoma
What can cause cholesteatoma?
Recurrent ear infections Perforated eardrum Eustachian tube dysfunction
What can happen if the abnormally situated keratinized squamous epithelium is left to lie in the middle ear?
The cholesteatoma can grow and destroy the ossicles of the middle ear
Associated with vestibular portion of vestibulocochlear nerve (VII). Occur within temporal bone and represent 80-90% of cerebellopontine angle tumours WHat is this?
Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma)
95% of vestibular schwannoma are sporadic and unilateral What is the tumour a growth of? Which cranial nerve is not a true peripheral nervous system cranial nerve?
The tumour is a benign growth of the schwanna cells which produce the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system protecting the nerve and increasing the speed of nerve impulse conduction
The optic nerve (CN II)
If a vestibular schwannoma is bilateral and in the young, what condition do you think of?
Neurofibromatosis type 2 - can see the tumour on MRI scan
What gene is mutated in NF2 ad what does it code for? What are some other features of NF2 apart from vestibular schwannomas?
NF2 gene is mutated and it codes for merlin protein (aka schwannomin)
People with NF2 present with gluacoma which can cause damage to the optic nerve
Hearing loss Ringing in the ears Meningiomas Optic gliomas Juvenile cataracts
Nasal polyps are common howver less common in children If a child presents with a nasal polyp, what should you suspect?
Think cystic fibrosis
What is samter’s triad?
A triad that includes nasal polyps, salicytate (aspirin) sensitivity and asthma
What can the nasal polyps in cystic fibrosis cause?
Makes patient more likely to have recurrent sinusitis
Autoimmune disorder characterised by a small vessel vasculitis limited to respiratory tract and ENT (and kidneys) Present with pulmonary, renal disease or nasal symptoms of congestions, septal perforation etc. What is this disoder? How does this lead to septal perforation?
Granulomatosis with polyangitis (Wegener’s granulomatosis)
Since the small blood vessels become inflamed, this can cause necrosis therefore decreasing the blood supply to eg nasal septum cartilage and causing a perforation
What type of antibodies are seen in Wegener’s granulomatosis?
People with thi are ANCA+ c-ANCA positive to be precise
What ANCA antibodies are present in microscopic polyangiitis?
p-ANCA
What is a squamous papilloma of the respiratory epithelium of the nose known as?
Schneiderian papilloma
What are squamous papillomas associated with?
Associated with HPV types 6 and 11
