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Basic Pathology > Week 1: Cell Injury > Flashcards

Week 1: Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

A cell’s response to stress depends on the ________________________ and the _______________.

A

dose intensity of stressor ; cell’s vulnerability

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2
Q

3 basic cellular responses to stress

A

1) Injury: reduced function / may not be reversible
2) Adaption: Cell takes different forms
3) Death: cessation of cellular activity

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3
Q

What are the criteria for irreversible cell injury?

A

When ATP drops below certain level or when membranes are damaged beyond repair

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4
Q

Energy-dependent functions of a cell fail due to what?

A

ATP depletion which results from hypoxia or anoxia

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5
Q

What does mitochondrial damage usually result from?

A

Genetic disorders
Toxins
Medications

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6
Q

If a cell is subject to lots of ROS, toxins or trauma, what might that cause?

A

An increase in permeability of the cell membrane

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7
Q

What does an accumulation of DNA or misfolded proteins result from?

A

Ionizing radiation

Reactive oxidative stress (ROS)

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8
Q

7 common causes of cell injury

A 
Toxins
Infections
Genetic and metabolic diseases
Trauma
Reactive oxidative stress (ROS) 
Inflammatory responses
Hypoxia and Anoxia
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9
Q

What is the initial response of a cell when they are low on oxygen? What happens to the cell? Why is this a problem?

A

Initial response is to switch to anaerobic respiration but this produces less ATP for the cell which can cause problems over long periods of time.

The cell begins to swell since the sodium potassium pumps are not able to use ATP. More sodium goes into cell which is followed by water. This causes swelling.
Also, failure of sodium calcium exchange.

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10
Q

Most common cell injury

A

Hypoxic injury

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11
Q

Reduction in oxygen

A

Hypoxia

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12
Q

Absence of oxygen

A

Anoxia

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13
Q

Loss of oxygen due to insufficient blood flow

A

Ischemic hypoxia/ anoxia

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14
Q

Most common form of hypoxia

A

Ischemic hypoxia

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15
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning

A

Anemic hypoxia

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16
Q

What do radical forms of ROS have?

A

They have an unpaired electron which makes them very reactive. They are partially REDUCED forms of oxygen and are energetically unstable.

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17
Q

Describe Reactive Oxidative Species (ROS). Give 4 examples. Their forms. What neutralizes them?

A

Produced in mitochondria during ATP production, produced by immune cells. Examples include hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, nitric oxide, ozone. Can be in radical or non-radical forms. They break covalent bonds between molecules and can cause damage. Neutralized by anti-inflammatories.

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18
Q

3 associated injuries due to reactive oxygen species (ROS)

A

Lipid per oxidation
Protein Degradation
DNA damage

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19
Q

3 oxygen-derived free radicals

A

1) O2 - superoxide
2) H202 - hydrogen peroxide
3) OH - Hydroxyl

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20
Q

Anti-oxidants that neutralize ROS

A

Superoxide dismutase
Peroxidases
Catalase
Antioxidants

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21
Q

2 Occular effects of unchecked ROS

A

Cataracts

ARMD

22
Q

3 examples and effects of direct toxicity

A

Lead - CNS toxicity
Mercury - CNS toxicity
Carbon Monoxide - Anemic hypoxia

23
Q

3 examples and effects of indirect toxicity

A

Ethanol - CNS and liver toxicity
Ethanbutol - Toxic Optic Neuropathy
Cyclosporine - Retinal toxicity. Immunosupressant and Restasis

24
Q

What type of injury is an infection?

A

Direct or indirect damage

25
Q

What is Ethambutol used for? What are its effects on the eyes?

A
  • Used to treat TB and MAC
  • Causes vision loss as side effect
  • painless progressive LOV, decreased VA
  • central/centrocecal scotoma
  • optic nerve becomes pale over time
  • no safe dosage, greater than 15 mg is toxic
  • can start to lose vision as soon as 2 weeks
26
Q

True or false:

Normal immune responses can someetimes cause damage to the surrounding healthy tissues.

A

True

27
Q

Things produced in immune response and inflammatory response that can be damaging

A 
Phagocytic cells
Antibodies
Complement
Enzymes
Free Radicals
28
Q

Describe genetic and metabolic injury

A

Flawed genetic codes cause disruptions in normal cellular behavior which typically lead to cell injury and death

29
Q

4 examples of metabolic and genetic injuries

A

Sickle Cell anemia
Fatty liver disease
Hepatolenticular Disease
Type 2 diabetes

30
Q

Explain Hepatolenticular Disease. What kind of injury is it? What is its relevance to the eyes?

A
  • Genetic/metabolic injury
  • Body can’t remove excess iron.
  • Defect in ATP7B protein. Creates free radicals which create holes in membrane. Iron goes through membrane and transported to other tissues.
  • Iron can be transported to the Descemet’s membrane of the cornea and can be seen as rings near the limbus called Kayser Fleisher rings.
31
Q

4 types of traumatic injuries

A

Blunt force trauma
Sharp force trauma
Penetrating trauma
Ionizing radiation

32
Q

Cells shrink and reduce their differentiated functions

A

Atrophy

33
Q

Increased cell size

A

Hypertrophy

34
Q

Increased cell number

A

Hyperplasia

35
Q

Potentially transform into cancerous tissue

A

dysplasia

36
Q

Conversion of one cell type to another

A

Metaplasia

37
Q

Two primary theories of aging

A

1) Accumulation of injurious events

2) Genetically controlled programs

38
Q

Initiated by cell injury, leads to inflammation

A

Necrosis

39
Q

The more specialized a cell, the more ____________ it is to injury

A

vulnerable

40
Q

Clumping of chromatin in nucleus

A

Pyknosis

41
Q

Fragmentation of the nucleus

A

Karyorrhexis

42
Q

Nuclear dissolution of chromatin lysis

A

Karyolysis

43
Q

Pyknosis, karyolysis, and karyorrhexis in order

A

Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, then karyolysis

44
Q

loss of electron

A

oxidation

45
Q

gain electron

A

reduction

46
Q

Describe reperfusion. Give examples

A

When there is schema hypoxia, reactive species are created without oxygen. Then, blood flow gets reintroduced and interacts with those molecules and can worsen injury.

Examples:
Transplant
myocardial infarction (heart attack)
stroke

47
Q

What does carbon monoxide do?

A

Direct toxin.

Binds to hemoglobin and displaces oxygen

48
Q

Immune cells produce ____ that attack ______________

A

ROS ; cellular membranes

49
Q

cooling of the body during death

A

algor mortis

50
Q

pooling of blood during death

A

livor mortis

51
Q

muscle contraction during death

A

rigor mortis

Basic Pathology (16 decks)

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