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Basic Pathology > Endocrine Disorders 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine Disorders 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How are hormones inhibited?

A

They are inhibited by their own release.

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2
Q

What are the hormones found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland? (6)

A

Growth hormone (GH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Leutinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)

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3
Q

What are the hormones found in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Oxytocin
Vasopressin/Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)

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4
Q

What is the most common cause of adult pituitary dysfunction?

A

Pituitary adenoma (tumor of pituitary gland)

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5
Q

Are micro or macro adenomas more prevalent?

A

Micro adenoma

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6
Q

What percent of people is thought to have a micro adenoma?

A

About 20%

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7
Q

How big is a micro pituitary adenoma?

A

under 1 cm
Under 10 mm

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8
Q

How big is a macro pituitary adenoma?

A

1 cm or more
10 mm or more

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9
Q

What is the most common type of pituitary adenoma?

A

Prolactinoma (36%-57%)

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10
Q

What is the second most common type of pituitary adenoma?

A

Nonfunctioning adenoma (28-37%)

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11
Q

What is the most rare type of pituitary adenoma?

A

Thyrotropinoma (1%)

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12
Q

You have a male patient that has breast enlargement and increased female characteristics, what type of pituitary adenoma might they have?

A

Prolactinoma

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13
Q

You have a patient that has gigantism and acromegaly. What type of pituitary adenoma might they have?

A

Somatotropinoma (GH)

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14
Q

What type of pituitary adenoma does not respond to medication very well?

A

Corticotropinoma

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15
Q

What visual effects can be caused by a macro pituitary adenoma? Where do the effects begin?

A

Bi-temporal visual field loss from pressure on the optic chiasm. Effects begin more superior and continue inferiorly.

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16
Q

Term for sudden vascular damage to the pituitary

A

Pituitary apoplexy

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17
Q

What can pituitary apoplexy result in?

A

Loss of hormone release due to ischemia or hemorrhages, resulting in other systems to shut down.

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18
Q

Are males or females more likely to experience pituitary apoplexy?

A

Males 3:1

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19
Q

Are males or females more likely to experience pituitary apoplexy?

A

Males 3:1

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20
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of pituitary apoplexy?

A

Headache
nausea/vomiting, syncope
Visual field defects
diplopia
blurred vision

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21
Q

A patient is experiencing hypotension, hypoglycemia, and subarachnoid hemorrhage, what could this patient have?

A

Adrenal insufficiency

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22
Q

What is the most common cause of pituitary apoplexy?

A

pituitary adenoma

23
Q

What is it called when the pituitary has insufficient blood supply due to loss of blood during pregnancy?

A

Sheehan’s syndrome. Patient goes into shock.

24
Q

What are some complications from gigantism (somatotropinoma- GH)?

A

Type 2 diabetes
Cardiomegaly
Heart failure
Sleep apnea

25
Q

What is the disease when excess Gh is present after the growth plates close?

A

Acromegaly

26
Q

A patient notices his shoe size/ ring size increasing, facial features enlarging, and a deepening of the voice, what disease might this be?

A

Acromegaly
(Corticotropinoma- GH)

27
Q

What two diseases are in response to corticotropinomas?

A

Gigantism (before growth plates close)
Acromegaly (after growth plates close)

28
Q

Disease that results in high cortisol levels

A

Cushing’s Disease

29
Q

Disease that has excessive production and release of catecholamines

A

Pheochromocytoma

30
Q

Disease that has low cortisol or low aldosterone

A

Addison’s disease

31
Q

Explain Cushing’s disease vs Cushing’s syndrome

A

Cushing’s disease: Pituitary adenoma that results in excessive anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH.

Cushing’s syndrome: Causes increase in cortisol from other parts of the body.

32
Q

What is the most common exogenous source of increased cortisol levels that may cause Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Prednisone medication

33
Q

What things can cause Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Adrenal adenoma
Adrenal carcinoma
Ectopic ACTH (cancer)
Exogenous steroid use (Prednisone)

34
Q

A patient is experiencing hyperglycemia, hypertension, and osteoporosis, what disease may this person have?

A

Cushing’s syndrome

35
Q

What ocular complications could you see from Cushing’s syndrome?

A

1)Central serous choroidopathy
2) Posterior Subscapular Cataracts
3) Steroid-Response glaucoma
4) Visual field defects (adenoma)
5) Microvascular retinopathy

36
Q

What percent of patients experience ocular complications from Cushing’s syndrome?

A

5%

37
Q

Tumor of the adrenal medulla

A

Pheochromocytoma

38
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of Pheochromocytoma?

A

Increased sympathetic nervous system so:

Hypertension
Headache
Flushing
Diaphoresis
Tachycardia
Heat intolerance
Weight loss

39
Q

What can pheochromocytoma lead to if it is bad enough?

A

Hypertensive crisis

40
Q

If you take a serum and urine test to look at catecholamines, what disease are you looking for?

A

Pheochromocytoma

41
Q

What is Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome? What can it be associated with?

A

VHL is a tumor supressor gene that is absent in this syndrome. It can be associated with Pheochromocytoma.

42
Q

What kind of genetic inheritance is Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome?

A

Autosomal dominant

43
Q

What is unregulated in Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome?

A

VEGF

44
Q

You see a retinal capillary hemangioma, what disease causes this?

A

Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Look for a pheochromocytoma

44
Q

You see a retinal capillary hemangioma, what disease causes this?

A

Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Look for a pheochromocytoma

45
Q

Lack of ADH produced in pituitary that causes inability to concentrate urine.

A

Diabetes Insipidus

46
Q

What is the most common type of dwarfism? What is a lack of?

A

Disproportionate (80%)
Lack of growth hormone in 70% of cases.

47
Q

When does Addisons disease occur?

A

at 90% destruction

48
Q

Is Addisons disease a primary or secondary insufficiency?

A

Primary

49
Q

What is the most common cause of Addison’s disease?

A

Autoimmune Disease

50
Q

How do you check for Addison’s disease?

A

Give ACTH to patient and observe ATCh levels. If ATCH levels don’t rise, they have Addison’s disease.

51
Q

Life threatening condition caused by low cortisol levels

A

Addison’s Crisis

52
Q

What can cause Addison’s crisis?

A

Corticosteroid withdrawal
Stress
Trauma

Basic Pathology (16 decks)

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