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Basic Pathology > Diseases of GI Tract 1 > Flashcards

Diseases of GI Tract 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 key characteristics of the GI tract?

A

1) Open to environment
2) Billions of bacteria
3) Mechanically complex
4) Richly vascular

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2
Q

Where do most of the carcinomas of the colon arise from?

A

long pre-existing benign polyps (clump of cells)

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3
Q

What can occur due to the high vascularization of the GI tract?

A

Ischemia or hemorrhages of the blood vessels.
If a person has colon cancer, high vascularization can cause metastasis to other areas of the body.

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4
Q

What is congenital atresia?

A

blockage of the GI tract due to abnormal development

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5
Q

What disease is described as a bacterial erosion and invasion of the tooth structure that is more common in children?

A

Dental caries

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6
Q

What is considered one of top 10 public health successes in the 20th century by reducing dental caries?

A

Fluoridation of water. Can reduce dental caries by 20-40%

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7
Q

What can untreated dental caries cause in children?

A

Can cause pain and restrict growth

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8
Q

What disease is described as a bacterial invasion of gingival pockets around the tooth root by
Porphyromonas gingivalis.

A

Periodontal disease

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9
Q

What does periodontal disease cause?

A

Causes tooth loss and halitosis (bad breath)

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10
Q

What causes tooth loss of periodontal disease?

A

Destruction of connective tissue that surrounds the tooth

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11
Q

What is the leading cause of tooth loss?

A

Periodontal disease.
Causes more tooth loss than all the other oral diseases combined.

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12
Q

What disease of the GI tract can cause poor birth outcomes that include preeclampsia, preterm delivery, or low birth weight?

A

Periodontal disease.

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13
Q

What is the relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease?

A

Periodontal disease complicates diabetes by increasing blood sugar levels.

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14
Q

What GI disease could influence respiratory infections like bacterial pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

Oral diseases, particularly periodontal disease.

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15
Q

What GI disease is associated with Diabetes/ CVD/ Stroke/ Pneumonia/ Pregnancy

A

Periodontal disease

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16
Q

What is the biggest risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer?

A

tobacco

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17
Q

A patient has a white/red ulcer on their tongue, hard palate, and gums. What kind of cancer might this be? What cell is responsible for this?

A

Oral cancer
75% Squamous cell carcinoma

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18
Q

A patient has a white/red ulcer on their soft palate, pharynx, tonsils, and tongue. What kind of cancer might this be?

A

Oropharyngeal cancer
70% human papilloma virus

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19
Q

If a person tells you they have had a red/white lump in their mouth for a while, what would you ask them? What time frame would be suspicious for you? What disease may you consider?

A

I’d ask them how low long they’ve had it. If it is longer than 3 weeks, I’d consider oral/ oropharyngeal cancer as a possible prognosis.

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20
Q

What is the survival rate for oral/oropharyngeal cancer through 5 years?

A

64% survival of 5 years

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21
Q

What ethnicities are the highest for developing oral cancer?

A

Hispanic and Blacks

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22
Q

What age range is oral cancer most often diagnosed?

A

peaks between 60 and 70 years old

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23
Q

What are possible symptoms of having esophageal problems?

A

Dysphagia/Achalasia (paralysis or dysfunction of the esophagus)
Pain
Bleeding (hematemesis)

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24
Q

What neurological diseases can cause esophageal diseases?

A

Stroke
Parkinsonism
ALS

25
Q

What GI problem is characterized by a longitudinal tear in the mucosal layer of the esophagus due to forceful, repeated vomiting or coughing

A

Mallory Weiss tear

26
Q

What vessel can be of concern when talking about collateral drainage into the esophageal vessels? Why might this be concerning?

A

The portal vein can drain too much in esophageal vessels in portal hypertension which may lead to rupture and can be fatal

27
Q

A person is experiencing abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter and/or a hiatal hernia, what disease may this cause?

A

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

28
Q

What is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?

A

Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus

29
Q

What effects can result from Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?

A

Inflammation (Barrett’s esophagus)
Ulcerations
Carcinogenesis

30
Q

What cell initially begins the inflammation reaction in GERD?

A

intramucosal eosinophils

31
Q

What does the normal squamous epithelium change into when someone is experiencing Barrett’s syndrome?

A

The normal squamous epitheliumlining of the esophagus is replaced by metaplastic columnar and goblet cells.

32
Q

The presence of what cell can diagnose someone with Barrett’s esophagus?

A

Goblet cells

33
Q

What can Barrett’s esophagus have a strong association with?

A

esophageal adenocarcinoma

34
Q

What is described as a stomach above the diaphragm?

A

Hiatal hernia

35
Q

What percent of people experience a hiatal hernia over the age of 50?

A

60%

36
Q

What are symptoms of a hiatal hernia?

A

heartburn
esophagitis

37
Q

What can occur with gastroesophageal reflux in infants?

A

hiatal hernia

38
Q

What passes through the esophageal hiatus?

A

esophagus and vagus nerve

39
Q

What layer of the stomach is associated with gastritis?

A

Mucosa layer

40
Q

When someone is experiencing pain with gastritis, where may this pain occur? What may it be mistaken with?

A

Pain usually occurs high in the abdomen, just below the end of the sternum.
May be mistaken for cardiac pain (angina).

41
Q

What are signs and symptoms of gastritis?

A

Loss of appetite
Pain
Nausea and vomiting

42
Q

A person says they’ve done cocaine for a long time, what GI problem might they develop? Why?

A

Gastritis.
Chronic use constricts blood vessels in stomach and increases the risk of injury by inducing chronic hypoxia

43
Q

What layers are gastric and duodenal ulcers found in?

A

submucosa or deeper

44
Q

What are symptoms of gastric and duodenal ulcers?

A

Nausea
Pain
Vomiting (Coffee grounds)
Melena (dark feces)

45
Q

A person vomits and it appears to look like coffee grounds, what may they be experiencing?

A

Ulcers in stomach or duodenum

46
Q

What are duodenal and gastric ulcers associated with?

A

H. pylori infection*
ETOH and NSAID use
Major stress
Brain injury

47
Q

A person is experiencing Chronic, recurrent, deep, solitary mucosal defects, what might they have?

A

Peptic ulcers

48
Q

What do 80% of peptic ulcers occur in?

A

Duodenum

49
Q

What bacteria causes 90% of peptic ulcers and chronic trophic gastritis?

A

Helicobactor pylori

50
Q

What percent of adults are affected by Helicobacter pylori? What layer do they invade? What do they initiate?

A

50% of adults affected
Invade gastric mucosa
Initiate inflammatory response

51
Q

What tests would you do to test for Helicobacter pylori?

A

Blood, breath, biopsy, or stool tests

52
Q

What percent of the world is thought to be infected with Helicobacter pylori?

A

2/3
66%

53
Q

What clearly plays a role in the addition of Helicobacter pylori infection?

A

Cigarretes and alcohol

54
Q

What are the requirements for bariatric surgery?

A

BMI ≥ 40, or more than 100 pounds overweight.
BMI ≥35 and at least twoobesity-related co-morbidities

55
Q

What would be post-surgical concerns for bariatric surgery?

A

Poor surgical outcomes
Vitamin deficiencies
Malnutrition

56
Q

What surgery is considered the ‘gold standard’ of weight loss surgery?

A

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (gastric bypass)

57
Q

What surgery is described by an inflatable band that is placed around the upper portion of the stomach, creating a small stomach pouch above the band, and the rest of the stomach below the band?

A

Adjustable Gastric Band

58
Q

What surgery is described by removing approximately 80 percent of the stomach. The remaining stomach is a tubular pouch that resembles a banana. Also called a sleeve.

A

Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

59
Q

What surgery is described by a smaller, tubular stomach pouch created by removing a portion of the stomach, then a large portion of the small intestine is bypassed?

A

Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch

Basic Pathology (16 decks)

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