Week 1 Cards Flashcards
_____________ is the way systems work
physiology
August Kroph discovered exercise induced capillary dilation which is a dilation in order to increase ______________
blood oxygen diffusion
_____________ is studying the same pattern in different systems. Ex: invaginated breathing organs in terrestrial life
comparative physiology
____________: system level analysis ex: flight control in flies
integrative physiology
____________: how the nervous system categorizes a signal
sensory code
__________: how the muscle system initiates contraction
motor code
____________: laws of physics governing act
ex: physical properties/ aerodynamics in terms of flight
________________: cold blooded animals can not control temperature in relation to the environment
thermal conformity
________________: warm blooded animals. Temperature s independent of environment.
thermal regulation
_____________________: an animal that regulates chloride concentration
salt regulator
Are salt regulation and heat regulation linked?
No? Salt regulation and heat regulation are completely independent. Animals can be one and not the other.
_____: miainence of constant internal environment.
Hoemostasis
Homeostasis elements:
_________: controls the factor
_________: internal environment
_____________: detects changes in internal environment
______________: can be positive or negative
effector
set point
sensor
feedback
What is the typical negative feedback pathway of thyroid
Hypothalamus -> anterior pituitary -> thyroid gland -> thyroid hormone -> tissue
What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism
The action potential
Limits of the physical environment:
Thermal enviorment is determined by distance from the equation and as a result most thermal conformers are
located near the equator
Limits of the physical environment:
explain borchs
Borchs live in subzero temperatures by doubling their salt concentration. Blood glycoprotein is 300x more effective than antifreeze
Limits of the physical environment:
What is the most diverse species
BUGS… BETTLES
Smal animals evade high temperatures because they will loose to much water beach of______________
surface area to volume ratio. High surface area low volume means water loss
What are some of the adaptations small animals undergo
- active at night
- scorpian burrows
- shade
- controlled bursts of energy (controlled hypothermia)
- changing from black to white to reduce temperature
- sub electric cavity captures condense evaporated water
- orient away from the sun
- absorb water from urine
- variation in expired air
One of the best animals at evading heat is the kangaroo rat this is because
- they gain water from metabolic processes
- restrict water in fecal loss
- produce very concentrated gradient
- cool their exhaling air via nasal countercurrent exchangers
- low cutaneous water permeability resulting in little sweat
The _____________ has a unique physiological structure that influence its physiological function
the plasma membrane
__________________ provides fluidity of the cell membrane
cholesterol
_________ exchange lateral position 10^7 per second by flip across the membrane
lipids.
In the Frye experiment he fused two cells. What did he find
HE found that membrane proteins within the two cells flipped by lateral diffusion in order to create a complete mosaic
_________ shows the dynamics of lateral diffusion
FRAP
Frap is irreversibly bleaching a pool of flourescent probs with high intensity light and monitoring the recovery in florescence due to t________________
the movement of surrounding intact probes into the bleached spot.
During FRAP, a camera measures florescence and shows the tagged protein and these proteins are graphed in order to
show the rate of diffusion
____________ measure the mechanical properties of surfaces such as the cell membrane
optical laser trap and optical tweezers
Optical laser trapping can be used to show the path of _____________
a single particle
What are the 4 methods of movement that are shown via optica laser trapping
- confined diffusion (confined by other membrane proteins)
- confinement by cytoskeleton
- direct movement
- free random movement
____________: movement of water across a cell membrane to balance forces down a concentration gradient
passive diffusion
what are some of the factors that affect diffusion
- diffusion constant (hydrophobicity, solubility)
- cross sectional area
- change in concentration
NOTE THE SIZE OF THE MOLECULE DOES NOT MATTER
_____________ ideal diffusion, has no limit
membrane passive diffusion
______________ through channels and is limited by the number of channels
passive Transport
_________________ can be passive or active and is limited by the substrate because all carrier molecules can be activated
carrier mediated transport
____________ allow facilitated diffusion via aqueous channels. It induced conformational change in protein substrate. Allows diffusion of small polar molecules
aquaporins
what are the 3 kinds of facilitated transporters
- uniporter: one molecule one direction
- symporter: two molecules, same direction
- antiporter: two molecules opposite directions
Does facilitated diffusion use ATP
NO just concentration gradients
________________ two substances move together to allow for the concentration gradient of one molecule to drive the transport of another molecule against its concentration gradient
coupled transport
If you double the number of transporters what happens to Vm and Km
Vmax increase and Km stays the same
What drives active transport
ATP hydrolysis
ex: Sodium potassium pump
Describe Sodium potassium pump
- Transporter binds Na from cytosol
- Phosphorylation by ATP conformational change
- Sodium is released K+ binds
- deposphorylation favors the reverse
- cycle repeats
_____________ subcategory of membrane transport that couple the favorable movement of one molecule with another molecule
co-transport
____________ are used in epithelium to facilitate transport
gap junctions
If a charged particle moves across the membrane there is a current and voltage due to a physiological salt control mechanism. If this is tru we should be able to detect a ____________ across the membrane
voltage drop
If the voltage drop us zero, the skin is generating biological current in ________________
of the same value in the opposite direct
Essentially this experiment allows us to measure biological _______ of salt transport
current of salt transport
Epithelium transport
In ________________, potassium gradient carries amino acid into blood via potassium co-transport. Diffuse through carrier
columnar cells
Epithelium transport:
In ________________, transfer of potassium from hemolymph into goblet cell. Proton cotransporter, brings K+ out of goblet cell and protons into the cell. ATP proton pump, pump H+ out of the cell
goblet cell
A high ph in lumen causes the amino acids to be
released and the system to start all over
