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Physci 165 > Week 1 Cards > Flashcards

Week 1 Cards Flashcards

1
Q

_____________ is the way systems work

A

physiology

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2
Q

August Kroph discovered exercise induced capillary dilation which is a dilation in order to increase ______________

A

blood oxygen diffusion

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3
Q

_____________ is studying the same pattern in different systems. Ex: invaginated breathing organs in terrestrial life

A

comparative physiology

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4
Q

____________: system level analysis ex: flight control in flies

A

integrative physiology

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5
Q

____________: how the nervous system categorizes a signal

A

sensory code

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6
Q

__________: how the muscle system initiates contraction

A

motor code

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7
Q

____________: laws of physics governing act

A

ex: physical properties/ aerodynamics in terms of flight

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8
Q

________________: cold blooded animals can not control temperature in relation to the environment

A

thermal conformity

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9
Q

________________: warm blooded animals. Temperature s independent of environment.

A

thermal regulation

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10
Q

_____________________: an animal that regulates chloride concentration

A

salt regulator

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11
Q

Are salt regulation and heat regulation linked?

A

No? Salt regulation and heat regulation are completely independent. Animals can be one and not the other.

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12
Q

_____: miainence of constant internal environment.

A

Hoemostasis

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13
Q

Homeostasis elements:
_________: controls the factor
_________: internal environment
_____________: detects changes in internal environment
______________: can be positive or negative

A

effector
set point
sensor
feedback

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14
Q

What is the typical negative feedback pathway of thyroid

A

Hypothalamus -> anterior pituitary -> thyroid gland -> thyroid hormone -> tissue

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15
Q

What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism

A

The action potential

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16
Q

Limits of the physical environment:

Thermal enviorment is determined by distance from the equation and as a result most thermal conformers are

A

located near the equator

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17
Q

Limits of the physical environment:

explain borchs

A

Borchs live in subzero temperatures by doubling their salt concentration. Blood glycoprotein is 300x more effective than antifreeze

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18
Q

Limits of the physical environment:

What is the most diverse species

A

BUGS… BETTLES

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19
Q

Smal animals evade high temperatures because they will loose to much water beach of______________

A

surface area to volume ratio. High surface area low volume means water loss

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20
Q

What are some of the adaptations small animals undergo

A
  • active at night
  • scorpian burrows
  • shade
  • controlled bursts of energy (controlled hypothermia)
  • changing from black to white to reduce temperature
  • sub electric cavity captures condense evaporated water
  • orient away from the sun
  • absorb water from urine
  • variation in expired air
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21
Q

One of the best animals at evading heat is the kangaroo rat this is because

A
  • they gain water from metabolic processes
  • restrict water in fecal loss
  • produce very concentrated gradient
  • cool their exhaling air via nasal countercurrent exchangers
  • low cutaneous water permeability resulting in little sweat
22
Q

The _____________ has a unique physiological structure that influence its physiological function

A

the plasma membrane

23
Q

__________________ provides fluidity of the cell membrane

A

cholesterol

24
Q

_________ exchange lateral position 10^7 per second by flip across the membrane

A

lipids.

25
Q

In the Frye experiment he fused two cells. What did he find

A

HE found that membrane proteins within the two cells flipped by lateral diffusion in order to create a complete mosaic

26
Q

_________ shows the dynamics of lateral diffusion

A

FRAP

27
Q

Frap is irreversibly bleaching a pool of flourescent probs with high intensity light and monitoring the recovery in florescence due to t________________

A

the movement of surrounding intact probes into the bleached spot.

28
Q

During FRAP, a camera measures florescence and shows the tagged protein and these proteins are graphed in order to

A

show the rate of diffusion

29
Q

____________ measure the mechanical properties of surfaces such as the cell membrane

A

optical laser trap and optical tweezers

30
Q

Optical laser trapping can be used to show the path of _____________

A

a single particle

31
Q

What are the 4 methods of movement that are shown via optica laser trapping

A
  1. confined diffusion (confined by other membrane proteins)
  2. confinement by cytoskeleton
  3. direct movement
  4. free random movement
32
Q

____________: movement of water across a cell membrane to balance forces down a concentration gradient

A

passive diffusion

33
Q

what are some of the factors that affect diffusion

A
  • diffusion constant (hydrophobicity, solubility)
  • cross sectional area
  • change in concentration

NOTE THE SIZE OF THE MOLECULE DOES NOT MATTER

34
Q

_____________ ideal diffusion, has no limit

A

membrane passive diffusion

35
Q

______________ through channels and is limited by the number of channels

A

passive Transport

36
Q

_________________ can be passive or active and is limited by the substrate because all carrier molecules can be activated

A

carrier mediated transport

37
Q

____________ allow facilitated diffusion via aqueous channels. It induced conformational change in protein substrate. Allows diffusion of small polar molecules

A

aquaporins

38
Q

what are the 3 kinds of facilitated transporters

A
  • uniporter: one molecule one direction
  • symporter: two molecules, same direction
  • antiporter: two molecules opposite directions
39
Q

Does facilitated diffusion use ATP

A

NO just concentration gradients

40
Q

________________ two substances move together to allow for the concentration gradient of one molecule to drive the transport of another molecule against its concentration gradient

A

coupled transport

41
Q

If you double the number of transporters what happens to Vm and Km

A

Vmax increase and Km stays the same

42
Q

What drives active transport

A

ATP hydrolysis

ex: Sodium potassium pump

43
Q

Describe Sodium potassium pump

A
  1. Transporter binds Na from cytosol
  2. Phosphorylation by ATP conformational change
  3. Sodium is released K+ binds
  4. deposphorylation favors the reverse
  5. cycle repeats
44
Q

_____________ subcategory of membrane transport that couple the favorable movement of one molecule with another molecule

A

co-transport

45
Q

____________ are used in epithelium to facilitate transport

A

gap junctions

46
Q

If a charged particle moves across the membrane there is a current and voltage due to a physiological salt control mechanism. If this is tru we should be able to detect a ____________ across the membrane

A

voltage drop

47
Q

If the voltage drop us zero, the skin is generating biological current in ________________

A

of the same value in the opposite direct

48
Q

Essentially this experiment allows us to measure biological _______ of salt transport

A

current of salt transport

49
Q

Epithelium transport
In ________________, potassium gradient carries amino acid into blood via potassium co-transport. Diffuse through carrier

A

columnar cells

50
Q

Epithelium transport:
In ________________, transfer of potassium from hemolymph into goblet cell. Proton cotransporter, brings K+ out of goblet cell and protons into the cell. ATP proton pump, pump H+ out of the cell

A

goblet cell

51
Q

A high ph in lumen causes the amino acids to be

A

released and the system to start all over

Physci 165 (10 decks)

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