Week 1 Flashcards by Cheryl Lawrie

What are three domains of development

Physical
Cognitive
Psychosocial

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Describe two alternatives within ‘continuity within change’

Discontinuous development [crawling to walking] or continuous change [growth in height]

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Describe lifelong growth

Potential for growth at all life stages

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Describe changing vantage points

Meaning of experiences varies with age, roles and responsibilities
Development is plastic, but there are individual differences in plasticity
Individual differences depend especially on childhood

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Describe normative age-graded [in Balte’s lifespan approach]

At what ages the normal person reaches particular milestones - eg menstruation

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Describe normative history-graded [in Balte’s lifespan approach]

What era a person grows up in - eg war, internet age, etc

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Describe non-normative [in Balte’s lifespan approach]

Events that don’t happen to everyone - eg car accident that results in brain damage, divorce,

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What are the three basic determinants in Balte’s lifespan approach?

Biological
Interaction
Environmental

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What are the three influences on development in Balte’s lifespan approach?

Normative age-graded
Normative history-graded
Non-normative

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What are Balte’s 7 key principles of development

Development is lifelong
Development is multidimensional
Development is multidirectional
Relative Influences of biology and culture shift over lifespan
Development involves changing resource allocations
Development shows plasticity
Development is influenced by historical and cultural context

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What is a cross-sectional study

Observes persons of different ages at one point in time

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What is a longitudinal study

Observes same group[s] of people at different points in time

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What is a naturalistic study?

Observes people in naturally occurring situations or environments

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What is an experimental study?

Observes people where circumstances are carefully controlled

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What is a correlational study?

Observes tendency of two behaviours or qualities of a person to occur or vary together; measures this statistically

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What is a survey?

Brief, structured interview or questionnaire about specific beliefs or behaviours

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What is an interview

Face to face conversation used to gather complex information from individuals

What is a case study?

Investigation of one individual or small number of individuals using variety of sources of information

What is ethnography

Observation of a culture or social group, through detailed notes.

Where are cross-sectional studies useful?

comparing different people of different ages or age groups at one point in time
describe age-related trends
convenient, timely, short time frame, less costly

What are negatives of cross-sectional studies?

May not show real developmental changes within individuals

Susceptible to cohort effects

What are advantages of longitudinal studies?

Reveal more developmental changes

What are disadvantages of longitudinal studies?

expensive and time consuming
selective attrition
susceptibility to cohort changes

What are advantages of sequential studies?

Combine cross-sectional and longitudinal design
At least 2 cohorts followed over time
Within and between cohort comparisons
Measure actual developmental change and allow for historical differences

What are the two types of correlation?

positive correlation - variables change in the same direction negative correlation - variables change in different directions

What is an independent variable?

The part of the experiment that I control

What is the dependent variable?

The thing we test - the thing that changes when the independent variable is altered

What are the two meaningful measures of a study?

Is it reliable [are results consistent from time to time?] | Is it valid [does the test measure what it claims to measure?]

Describe Freud's 'id'

Id - pleasure principle; born with it; need basic needs met

describe Freud's 'ego'

Ego - reality principle; person's sense of self

Describe Freud's 'superego'

Superego - conscience; morality

Describe Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

Neo-Freudian 8 stages, each with a crisis that needs to be resolved to move on interplay between biology, social / cultural interaction, life experiences not resolving a crisis leads to maladaption may be reversible

Describe Erikson's theory - 0-18 months

crisis to be resolved: basic trust v mistrust | sensorimotor achievements, basic needs to be fulfilled; if ignored or treated harshly, leads to mistrust

Describe Erikson's theory - 1-2 years

autonomy v shame and doubt | muscular control [anal etc]; child wanting to make choices; if not given appropriate autonomy, leads to shame and doubt

Describe Erikson's theory - 3-6 years

initiative v guilt | exploring and experimenting with kind of person they want to be; demand for too much self-control can lead to guilt

Describe Erikson's theory - 7-11 years

industry v inferiority focus on competence in cognitive, physical and emotional ways; if child encounters negative experience will lead to inferiority / incompetence

Describe Erikson's theory - adolesence

identity v role confusion focus on who am I, what will I do, search for meaning and goals, coherent self-identity; if not resolved, leads to confusion about role

Describe Erikson's theory - 20s-30s

intimacy v isolation | focus on developing significant relationships and career; failure to do so leads to isolation

Describe Erikson's theory - 40s-60s

Generativity v Stagnation focus on leaving legacy for future generations, creative and productive output; failure to do so leads to absence of meaningful accomplishment

Describe Erikson's theory - 60s+

ego integrity v despair | focus on integrity of life, self reflection and evaluation; failure to do so leads to fear of death