Week 1 Flashcards
What are three domains of development
Physical
Cognitive
Psychosocial
Describe two alternatives within ‘continuity within change’
Discontinuous development [crawling to walking] or continuous change [growth in height]
Describe lifelong growth
Potential for growth at all life stages
Describe changing vantage points
Meaning of experiences varies with age, roles and responsibilities
Development is plastic, but there are individual differences in plasticity
Individual differences depend especially on childhood
Describe normative age-graded [in Balte’s lifespan approach]
At what ages the normal person reaches particular milestones - eg menstruation
Describe normative history-graded [in Balte’s lifespan approach]
What era a person grows up in - eg war, internet age, etc
Describe non-normative [in Balte’s lifespan approach]
Events that don’t happen to everyone - eg car accident that results in brain damage, divorce,
What are the three basic determinants in Balte’s lifespan approach?
Biological
Interaction
Environmental
What are the three influences on development in Balte’s lifespan approach?
Normative age-graded
Normative history-graded
Non-normative
What are Balte’s 7 key principles of development
Development is lifelong
Development is multidimensional
Development is multidirectional
Relative Influences of biology and culture shift over lifespan
Development involves changing resource allocations
Development shows plasticity
Development is influenced by historical and cultural context
What is a cross-sectional study
Observes persons of different ages at one point in time
What is a longitudinal study
Observes same group[s] of people at different points in time
What is a naturalistic study?
Observes people in naturally occurring situations or environments
What is an experimental study?
Observes people where circumstances are carefully controlled
What is a correlational study?
Observes tendency of two behaviours or qualities of a person to occur or vary together; measures this statistically
What is a survey?
Brief, structured interview or questionnaire about specific beliefs or behaviours
What is an interview
Face to face conversation used to gather complex information from individuals
What is a case study?
Investigation of one individual or small number of individuals using variety of sources of information
What is ethnography
Observation of a culture or social group, through detailed notes.
Where are cross-sectional studies useful?
comparing different people of different ages or age groups at one point in time
describe age-related trends
convenient, timely, short time frame, less costly
What are negatives of cross-sectional studies?
May not show real developmental changes within individuals
Susceptible to cohort effects
What are advantages of longitudinal studies?
Reveal more developmental changes
What are disadvantages of longitudinal studies?
expensive and time consuming
selective attrition
susceptibility to cohort changes
What are advantages of sequential studies?
Combine cross-sectional and longitudinal design
At least 2 cohorts followed over time
Within and between cohort comparisons
Measure actual developmental change and allow for historical differences
What are the two types of correlation?
positive correlation - variables change in the same direction
negative correlation - variables change in different directions
What is an independent variable?
The part of the experiment that I control
What is the dependent variable?
The thing we test - the thing that changes when the independent variable is altered
What are the two meaningful measures of a study?
Is it reliable [are results consistent from time to time?]
Is it valid [does the test measure what it claims to measure?]
Describe Freud’s ‘id’
Id - pleasure principle; born with it; need basic needs met
describe Freud’s ‘ego’
Ego - reality principle; person’s sense of self
Describe Freud’s ‘superego’
Superego - conscience; morality
Describe Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Neo-Freudian
8 stages, each with a crisis that needs to be resolved to move on
interplay between biology, social / cultural interaction, life experiences
not resolving a crisis leads to maladaption
may be reversible
Describe Erikson’s theory - 0-18 months
crisis to be resolved: basic trust v mistrust
sensorimotor achievements, basic needs to be fulfilled; if ignored or treated harshly, leads to mistrust
Describe Erikson’s theory - 1-2 years
autonomy v shame and doubt
muscular control [anal etc]; child wanting to make choices; if not given appropriate autonomy, leads to shame and doubt
Describe Erikson’s theory - 3-6 years
initiative v guilt
exploring and experimenting with kind of person they want to be; demand for too much self-control can lead to guilt
Describe Erikson’s theory - 7-11 years
industry v inferiority
focus on competence in cognitive, physical and emotional ways; if child encounters negative experience will lead to inferiority / incompetence
Describe Erikson’s theory - adolesence
identity v role confusion
focus on who am I, what will I do, search for meaning and goals, coherent self-identity; if not resolved, leads to confusion about role
Describe Erikson’s theory - 20s-30s
intimacy v isolation
focus on developing significant relationships and career; failure to do so leads to isolation
Describe Erikson’s theory - 40s-60s
Generativity v Stagnation
focus on leaving legacy for future generations, creative and productive output; failure to do so leads to absence of meaningful accomplishment
Describe Erikson’s theory - 60s+
ego integrity v despair
focus on integrity of life, self reflection and evaluation; failure to do so leads to fear of death
