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PSYC213 > Early childhood - physical and cognitive development > Flashcards

Early childhood - physical and cognitive development Flashcards

1
Q

What is physical growth in childhood?

A

slower than in infancy

growth is cephalocaudal

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2
Q

What is impact of being larger than average?

A

may be excluded for ‘roughness’
may lack challenges
may be expected to have larger cognitive capacity

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3
Q

What is impact of being smaller than average?

A

may be injured by larger children
lack mastery in normative tasks of strength
be ‘babied’ => low self-confidence

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4
Q

What is motor development in childhood?

A

centre of gravity moves downward, allowing motor skills to develop [esp ball throwing, jumping, running]
better eye-hand and small muscle coordination
[boys better at gross, girls better at fine]

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5
Q

Why do skills develop?

A

Greater myelination - faster reactions and better coordination
develop a system of action - putting actions together

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6
Q

What are steps of artistic development

A

scribbles [2y], shapes [3-4y], designs [4y], pictorial [4-5y]

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7
Q

What are sympbolic representations?

A

eg language [most important], one entity ‘stands for another’

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8
Q

What are cognitive limitations of early childhood?

A

conservation [that something remains the same even if appearance is altered]
[critique of experiment - difficulty with concepts of ‘more’, less - also questioning why experimenter would be asking question]

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9
Q

Why can’t preoperational children conserve?

A

centration [focusing on one aspect]
irreversibility
focus on end states rather than transformations from one state to next

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10
Q

What are other cognitive limitations?

A

number skills
classificiation skills
animism
magical thinking

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11
Q

What is theory of mind?

A

understanding that another person sees things differently

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12
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

confusing one’s own perspective with that of another

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13
Q

What age did Piaget think theory of mind developed?

A

8 - others say much earlier [Piaget’s three mountain test also required spatial capacities]

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14
Q

What are three phases of moral development?

A

Amoral - adult rule making [very young children], can’t judge right or wrong
Heteronomous morality [4-5 years? Piaget probably understimated capacity of children], morality from external controls, adult generated, immediate punishment
Autonomous morality [10yrs] - children see rules as contextual, can take intention into account as well as damage.
later research: intention might come into play as early as 3.

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15
Q

What does language begin to develop?

A

first word: 12 months
14000 words: 6 years
vocab explosion: 18 months

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16
Q

What is overextension?

A

labeling novel objects and events with already known label [truck could be a bus or lawnmower as well as truck]

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17
Q

WHat is fast mapping?

A

rapid way to grasp new word - use of context. Narrow meaning down by excluding possibilities; apply new word to an object they have a name for

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18
Q

What are collective monologues?

A

utterances are uncoordinated; don’t take into account what speaker has said

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19
Q

what are referential skills in language?

A

ability to communicate information, thoughts etc accurately

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20
Q

What is recasting?

A

grammatical form is corrected: ‘my foots are cold’ becomes ‘my feet are cold’

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21
Q

What is expansion?

A

repetition of speech with corrections of insertions of missing speech: ‘what doing’ becomes ‘what am I doing’

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22
Q

What is Nativist approach to language acquisition?

A

Chomsky - language skills hard-wired at birth through Language Acquisition Device
Universal grammar enables assimilation

23
Q

What is approach with delayed language development?

A 
PEER:
Prompts
Evaluates
Expands
Repeats
24
Q

What are Baumrind’s parenting styles

A

Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, uninvolved

25
Q

Describe authoritarian

A

High Control, Low Clarity of Communication, high maturity demands, low nurturance

26
Q

Describe authoritative

A

High Control, High clarity of communication, high maturity demands, high nurturance

27
Q

Describe permissive

A

Low control, mixed clarity of communication, low maturity demands, high nurturance

28
Q

Describe uninvolved parenting

A

low control, low clarity of communication, low maturity demands, low nurturance

29
Q

What is impact of authoritarian parenting?

A

Children withdrawn, distrustful, discontented

30
Q

What is impact of permissive parenting?

A

Children immature, least self controlled, least exploratory

31
Q

What is impact of authoritative parenting?

A

Children are self reliant, self assertive, exploratory, content

32
Q

What is impact of uninvolved parenting?

A

Children have disrupted social and emotional development, low self esteem, low social capacity

33
Q

what are explanations for child abuse and neglect

A

working model fo parent: distorted view of child, failure of empathy, no idea how to achieve synchrony

34
Q

WHat do only children achieve higher at?

A

self esteem, positive personality, achievement motivation, academic success

35
Q

What is psychoanalytic theory of play?

A

children gain mastery over anxieties
catharsis
play out things that can’t be expressed
repetition compulsion

36
Q

What is social learning theory of play

A

adult skills and roles are learnt

gender roles established and reinforced

37
Q

What is ethological theory of play

A

animals learn to catch prey through rough and tumble

exercise play

38
Q

what is cognitive theory of play?

A

symbolic play extends possibilities

child practices skills for adulthood

39
Q

What is prosocial behaviour?

A

Altruism, helping, sharing, reassurance
empathy
sympathy more likely to lead to prosocial action
predicted by early [easy] temperament

40
Q

What is instrumental aggression?

A

agression to get something

41
Q

What is hostile aggression?

A

directed at someone to cause harm

42
Q

What is reactive aggression?

A

spontaneous physical harm

43
Q

What is proactive aggression?

A

Premeditated acts

44
Q

What is relational aggression

A

verbal, particularly harmful, more covert

45
Q

What parenting styles are associated with aggression?

A

permissive, authoritarian, uninvolved

46
Q

What helps control aggression?

A

early intervention with family
teach authoritative parenting
establish structure and consistency
provide social problem solving

47
Q

What are gender roles?

A

societal expectations of males and females

48
Q

What is gender typing?

A

Process of acquiring gender-consistent behaviours

49
Q

How are gender roles and behaviour learnt?

A

reinforcement, modeling, self-regulation

50
Q

What is Kohlberg’s gender-labeling

A

appears at 3, labeling ‘boy’ based on appearance

51
Q

What is Kohlberg’s gender stability

A

realisation that gender remains the same, can be misled by appearance

52
Q

What is Kohlberg’s gender constancy

A

awareness that one will always be male or female

53
Q

What is difference between androgyny and undifferentiated?

A

androgyny - high masculinity, high feminity

undifferentiated - low masculinity, low femininity

PSYC213 (12 decks)

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