Early childhood - physical and cognitive development Flashcards
What is physical growth in childhood?
slower than in infancy
growth is cephalocaudal
What is impact of being larger than average?
may be excluded for ‘roughness’
may lack challenges
may be expected to have larger cognitive capacity
What is impact of being smaller than average?
may be injured by larger children
lack mastery in normative tasks of strength
be ‘babied’ => low self-confidence
What is motor development in childhood?
centre of gravity moves downward, allowing motor skills to develop [esp ball throwing, jumping, running]
better eye-hand and small muscle coordination
[boys better at gross, girls better at fine]
Why do skills develop?
Greater myelination - faster reactions and better coordination
develop a system of action - putting actions together
What are steps of artistic development
scribbles [2y], shapes [3-4y], designs [4y], pictorial [4-5y]
What are sympbolic representations?
eg language [most important], one entity ‘stands for another’
What are cognitive limitations of early childhood?
conservation [that something remains the same even if appearance is altered]
[critique of experiment - difficulty with concepts of ‘more’, less - also questioning why experimenter would be asking question]
Why can’t preoperational children conserve?
centration [focusing on one aspect]
irreversibility
focus on end states rather than transformations from one state to next
What are other cognitive limitations?
number skills
classificiation skills
animism
magical thinking
What is theory of mind?
understanding that another person sees things differently
What is egocentrism?
confusing one’s own perspective with that of another
What age did Piaget think theory of mind developed?
8 - others say much earlier [Piaget’s three mountain test also required spatial capacities]
What are three phases of moral development?
Amoral - adult rule making [very young children], can’t judge right or wrong
Heteronomous morality [4-5 years? Piaget probably understimated capacity of children], morality from external controls, adult generated, immediate punishment
Autonomous morality [10yrs] - children see rules as contextual, can take intention into account as well as damage.
later research: intention might come into play as early as 3.
What does language begin to develop?
first word: 12 months
14000 words: 6 years
vocab explosion: 18 months
What is overextension?
labeling novel objects and events with already known label [truck could be a bus or lawnmower as well as truck]
WHat is fast mapping?
rapid way to grasp new word - use of context. Narrow meaning down by excluding possibilities; apply new word to an object they have a name for
What are collective monologues?
utterances are uncoordinated; don’t take into account what speaker has said
what are referential skills in language?
ability to communicate information, thoughts etc accurately
What is recasting?
grammatical form is corrected: ‘my foots are cold’ becomes ‘my feet are cold’
What is expansion?
repetition of speech with corrections of insertions of missing speech: ‘what doing’ becomes ‘what am I doing’
What is Nativist approach to language acquisition?
Chomsky - language skills hard-wired at birth through Language Acquisition Device
Universal grammar enables assimilation
What is approach with delayed language development?
PEER: Prompts Evaluates Expands Repeats
What are Baumrind’s parenting styles
Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, uninvolved
Describe authoritarian
High Control, Low Clarity of Communication, high maturity demands, low nurturance
Describe authoritative
High Control, High clarity of communication, high maturity demands, high nurturance
Describe permissive
Low control, mixed clarity of communication, low maturity demands, high nurturance
Describe uninvolved parenting
low control, low clarity of communication, low maturity demands, low nurturance
What is impact of authoritarian parenting?
Children withdrawn, distrustful, discontented
What is impact of permissive parenting?
Children immature, least self controlled, least exploratory
What is impact of authoritative parenting?
Children are self reliant, self assertive, exploratory, content
What is impact of uninvolved parenting?
Children have disrupted social and emotional development, low self esteem, low social capacity
what are explanations for child abuse and neglect
working model fo parent: distorted view of child, failure of empathy, no idea how to achieve synchrony
WHat do only children achieve higher at?
self esteem, positive personality, achievement motivation, academic success
What is psychoanalytic theory of play?
children gain mastery over anxieties
catharsis
play out things that can’t be expressed
repetition compulsion
What is social learning theory of play
adult skills and roles are learnt
gender roles established and reinforced
What is ethological theory of play
animals learn to catch prey through rough and tumble
exercise play
what is cognitive theory of play?
symbolic play extends possibilities
child practices skills for adulthood
What is prosocial behaviour?
Altruism, helping, sharing, reassurance
empathy
sympathy more likely to lead to prosocial action
predicted by early [easy] temperament
What is instrumental aggression?
agression to get something
What is hostile aggression?
directed at someone to cause harm
What is reactive aggression?
spontaneous physical harm
What is proactive aggression?
Premeditated acts
What is relational aggression
verbal, particularly harmful, more covert
What parenting styles are associated with aggression?
permissive, authoritarian, uninvolved
What helps control aggression?
early intervention with family
teach authoritative parenting
establish structure and consistency
provide social problem solving
What are gender roles?
societal expectations of males and females
What is gender typing?
Process of acquiring gender-consistent behaviours
How are gender roles and behaviour learnt?
reinforcement, modeling, self-regulation
What is Kohlberg’s gender-labeling
appears at 3, labeling ‘boy’ based on appearance
What is Kohlberg’s gender stability
realisation that gender remains the same, can be misled by appearance
What is Kohlberg’s gender constancy
awareness that one will always be male or female
What is difference between androgyny and undifferentiated?
androgyny - high masculinity, high feminity
undifferentiated - low masculinity, low femininity
