Children - psychosocial development Flashcards
What are two behaviourist learning theories
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
Describe classical conditioning
pairs a new stimulus with an existing stimulus to elicit same response
works with reflexes - eg learning to suck a bottle
Describe operant conditioning
learned behaviour between behaviour and its consequences
What is reinforcement in operant conditioning?
strengthens response; increases likelihood of repetition
What is positive reinforcement?
strengthens behaviour by giving reward
What is negative reinforcement?
strengthens behaviour by taking away something undesirable
What is punishment in operant conditioning?
reduces likelihood of behaviour reoccurring
What is positive punishment?
reduces likelihood of behaviour by giving punishment
What is negative punishment?
reduces likelihood of behaviour by taking away something desirable
What is shaping?
when individual incrementally learns a behaviour that wasn’t in repertoire
What is Bandura’s social cognitive learning theory?
developmental changes happen through imitation and modeling; interaction between individual and environment
What is the four step model of observational learning
- attend to model [watch]
- remember characteristics of behaviour [take it in]
- reproduce memory of behaviour [remember]
- perform behaviour [perform]
Describe Piaget’s cognitive stage theory?
4 stages
discontinuous
development begins with inborn ability to adapt to the environment
What are the four concepts in Piaget’s theory?
direct learning
adaptation
social transmission
physical maturation
How did Piaget describe direct learning?
person actively responds to and interprets new situations, based on existing schemes
What is a ‘scheme’ for Piaget?
systematic pattern of thought, action and problem-solving strategies
What is adaptation for Piaget?
assimilation - fitting new concepts into existing schemes
accommodation - extending and modifying schemes to fit new information
What are four stages in Piaget’s cognitive theory?
sensorimotor
pre-operational
concrete operational
formal operational
Describe piaget’s sensori-motor stage
0-2 yrs -coordination of sensory and motor activity; object permanence; act on world with eyes, hands and ears, solve sensori-motor problems
Describe Piaget’s pre-operational stage
2-7 years; use of language, egocentrism, make believe play, thinking lacks logic
Describe Piaget’s concrete operational stage
7-11 years; use of logic, sorting of objects [classification], can manipulate information but not abstract
Describe Piaget’s formal operational stage
11+ abstract, systematic, deducing testable inferences, working with hypotheses
What are Brofenbrenner’s ecological systems
[contextual theory]
four interactive environments microsystem mesosystem exosystem macrosystem
What is Vygotsky’s Zone Proximal Development? [contextual theory]
the range in which tasks need support from more knowledgeable adults and peers; scaffolding
Why are contextual theories important?
Understanding how individual development interacts with context in which it occurs
Cultural applications of temperament emotion and attachment
Which two people developed normative crisis models?
Vaillant and Levinson
What is the timing of events model?
normative life events - on time events
non-normative life events - off time events
internalised social clock tells individuals if ‘on time’
accounts ofr variability in adult experience
focus on impact of social expectations
