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PSYC213 > Adolescence > Flashcards

Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

what leads to physical awkwardness in adolescents

A

rapid elongation of arms and legs [proxidistal]

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2
Q

What are primary sex characteristics in adolescent girls

A

development of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

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3
Q

What are primary sex characteristics in adolescent males

A

development of testes and penis

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4
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics in adolescent girls

A

breadth of hips

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5
Q

what are secondary sex characteristics in adolescent boys

A

breadth of shoulders

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6
Q

What causes variation in timing of puberty?

A

genetics
environmental factors - nutrition, body weight
amenorrhoea [associated with extreme weight loss, malnutrition]

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7
Q

What is result of non-normative age puberty in males?

A

no lasting effects

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8
Q

What is impact of early puberty for males?

A

higher social status with peers, leadership opportunities

potential for academic, emotional and behavioural problems [short lived]

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9
Q

What is impact of late puberty for males?

A

negative impact on self esteem [short lived]
develop positive qualities like insight
less pressure to engage in high risk behaviours

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10
Q

What is impact of early puberty for females?

A

negative long and short term effects
premature dating / sexual encounters
vulnerable to STIs, eating disorders, smoking, drinking, depression, anxiety, poor academic achievement

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11
Q

What is impact of late puberty for females?

A

lower peer status, more positive outcomes

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12
Q

What is percentage of adolescent obesity in Australia?

A

6% obese, 20% over BMI

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13
Q

What are causes of adolescent obseity?

A

combination of genetics and environment;

overwhelmingly calories in exceed calories out

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14
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

Eating disorder involving self-starvation
loss of 25%-505 body weight
less than 85% normal weight for age

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15
Q

What are family dynamics in anorexia nervosa?

A

very involved mothers, emotionally absent fathers

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16
Q

What is bulimia nervosa?

A 
bingeing, purging of caloric intake
- self induced vomiting
excessive exercise
laxatives
diuretics
dieting
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17
Q

What is bulimia nervosa linked with?

A

depression and low self esteem

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18
Q

What is treatment for anorexia and bulimia

A

behaviour therapy [reward eating]

cognitive therapy [change body image]

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19
Q

What is most common STI?

A

chlamydia

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20
Q

What is most common reported communicable disease?

A

STIs

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21
Q

What is experimentation [of drugs]?

A

substance use

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22
Q

What is habitual use of drugs referred to as

A

substance abuse [harmful use of alcohol / drugs]

addiction [psychological or physiological]

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23
Q

What are particular dangers of addiction for adolescents?

A

can change brain structures

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24
Q

What are most common drugs of use by adolescents?

A

analgesics [most]
alcohol
cigarettes
way down to cannabis

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25
Q

What is binge drinking?

A

consecutive consumption of 5+ drinks in less than 2 hours

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26
Q

What is binge drinking associated with?

A

accidental death and injury
interpersonal violence
suicide

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27
Q

How many cigaretts are required for psychological and physical dependency?

A

as few as 10

28
Q

What is primary prevention of cigarette smoking?

A

advertising, tax impost, bans

29
Q

What are secondary preventions of cigarette smoking?

A

life-skills, decision making training

immunisation against substance abuse

30
Q

How does Piaget define adolescent cognitive reasoning

A

hypothetico-deductive

- systematic, scientific approach; make hypotheses of observations and use these to test things

31
Q

What is propositional reasoning [adolescence]

A

making logical inferences
may apply to premises that aren’t true
understand validity of logic

32
Q

What do critics of Piaget’s adolescent formal operational thinking say

A

achievement of formal operations was overestimated [only half achieve full operational thought, some never]
influenced by sociocultural context

33
Q

What is horizontal decalage -

A

acquisition of concepts across different states / domains [Piaget assumed this - overestimated]

34
Q

What is post-formal thinking?

A

formal operations used as problem solving tool for ambiguous problems

35
Q

What is impact of formal operations on individual’s cognition?

A

More critical of adult authority; can argue more skillfully
Better able to understand philosophy and abstract topics
May become judgemental about shortcomings in social systems
May appear naive, trying to apply logic to big problems [eg world peace]

36
Q

What are [King and Kitcheners] fundamentals, or essential elements, of critical thinking

A

Basic operations of reasoning
Domain-specific knowledge
Meta-cognitive knowledge [know when you’ve understood something]
Values, beliefs, dispositions

37
Q

What is relationship between decision making ability and emotional arousability?

A

decision making increases when emotional arousability is low

38
Q

What happens to decision making ability in adolesnce?

A

increases:

more options generated, see different perspectives, predict outcomes, evaluation information sources

39
Q

What is prospect theory [regarding individual’s assessments of risk in decision making in adolescents]

A

balance between potential risk or gain
risk aversive, risk seeking behaviour
perception of risk more important than actuality
biases due to retrievability of instances

40
Q

What is Kohlberg’s preconventional stage of moral judgement?

A

Emphasis on avoiding punishments and getting rewards
Stage 1: heteronomous morality [good follows externally imposed rules and rewards, whatever avoids punishment]; ethics of punishment and obedience
Stage 2: Individual purpose - good is what is agreeable to individual, and anyone who gives or receives favours [ethics of exchange]

41
Q

What is Kohlberg’s conventional stage of moral judgement?

A

Emphasis on social rewards
Stage 3: Interpersonal normative morality; ethics of peer opinion
Stage 4: social system orientation, conformity, ethics of law and order

42
Q

What is Kohlberg’s postconventional stage of moral judgement?

A

Emphasis on moral principles
Stage 5: social contract orientation; ethics of social contract and individual rights
Stage 6 ethics of self-chosen universal principles

43
Q

What are concerns with Kohlberg’s moral judgement theory

A

Dilemmas not aligned with real life
no distinction between moral knowledge and social conventions
gender and culture balance

44
Q

What are Gilligan’s stages of moral development?

A

Survival orientation [egocentric concern for self; right action promotes emotional and physical survival]
Conventional Care [right action is whatever pleases others best]
Integrated care [takes account of self as well as others]
Integrated care

45
Q

What does identity formation matter [Erikson?]

A

necessary for future development of friendships and intimate relationships
identity diffusion => struggle to become adult with unique sense of self and role

46
Q

What is process of identity formation?

A

Exploration and experimentation with various domains
Identity evaluation within process of experimentation
Psychological moratorium - take a ‘gap year’ as ‘developmental time out’

47
Q

What does resolution of Erikson’s identity crisis lead to?

A

Fidelity

  • feeling of belonging-ness to friends and family
  • identification with set of values
  • sustained loyalty and faith
  • able to trust self
48
Q

What are factors affecting identity formation

A

gender
peers [inc importance of influence during adolescence]
parents [identity diffusion associated with lack of parental support, warmth, communication]
personality
societal and cultural

49
Q

How does ‘self’ develop in adolescence?

A

Self concept more complex and abstract [reflecting formal operational thought]
increased skills in perspective taking
Recognise inconsistencies of self [diff btwn true and false selves]

50
Q

What is ‘personal fable’ in development of self?

A

beleif adolescent’s life embodies special story that is heroic/unique; nobody else understands them

51
Q

What is ‘imaginary audience’ in development of self?

A

Adolescent egocentrism - group of followers exist who watch their every move

52
Q

What are decreases in adolescent self esteem association with?

A

transitions, stresses and challenges of adolescence and school
more realistic self-appraisals

53
Q

What are gender differences in adolescent self esteem?

A

girls’ SE declines twice as much as boys [connected to body image?]
Girls more vulnerable to negative aspects of opposite-sex friends
Romantic relationships more likely to enhance boys self-esteem

54
Q

What are reasons for intergenerational conflict [adolescence]

A
  • lack of understanding of viewpoint and challenges of diff age groups
  • lack of respect for diff age group
  • intolerance by parents of adolescent behaviour
  • resentment of parents’ power and restrictions
55
Q

How does Dunphy define Clique?

A

group of 3-9 members
close relationships
security, group norms

56
Q

How does Dunphy define Crowd

A

collection of cliques, 20 members

group identity

57
Q

What is bullying?

A

repeated victimisation
- verbal or physical abuse
exploitation or exclusion

58
Q

What are benefits of adolescent friendship

A

source of emotional and social support
promote autonomy
help in defining sense of self

59
Q

What is average age of intercourse?

A

16 years

60
Q

What is double standard re adolescent sex

A

premarital sex permitted for males, not for females

61
Q

What are difficulties for non-heterosexual adolesncents?

A

achieving personal identity more difficult
may experience rejection / isolation
risk of depression and suicide [caused by societal treatment of homosexuals]

62
Q

What are factors determining sexual orientation?

A

biological and genetic predisposition

possible role of prenatal hormone

63
Q

What is rate of adolescent pregnancy in australia?

A

17/1000

64
Q

What is reaction to adolescent pregnancy dependent on?

A

self esteem
relationship with baby’s father
relationship with / support from parents
peers who are parents

65
Q

What are consequences of adolescent pregnancy

A

more prenatal and birth complications
possible negative outcomes for children of teen mothers
[health and academic; abuse and neglect; developmental disabilities]
teen mothers less likely to complete education etc
teen fathers less negatively affected [early contact w baby, declines over time]

PSYC213 (12 decks)

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