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PSYC213 > Adolescence > Flashcards

Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

what leads to physical awkwardness in adolescents

A

rapid elongation of arms and legs [proxidistal]

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2
Q

What are primary sex characteristics in adolescent girls

A

development of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

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3
Q

What are primary sex characteristics in adolescent males

A

development of testes and penis

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4
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics in adolescent girls

A

breadth of hips

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5
Q

what are secondary sex characteristics in adolescent boys

A

breadth of shoulders

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6
Q

What causes variation in timing of puberty?

A

genetics
environmental factors - nutrition, body weight
amenorrhoea [associated with extreme weight loss, malnutrition]

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7
Q

What is result of non-normative age puberty in males?

A

no lasting effects

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8
Q

What is impact of early puberty for males?

A

higher social status with peers, leadership opportunities

potential for academic, emotional and behavioural problems [short lived]

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9
Q

What is impact of late puberty for males?

A

negative impact on self esteem [short lived]
develop positive qualities like insight
less pressure to engage in high risk behaviours

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10
Q

What is impact of early puberty for females?

A

negative long and short term effects
premature dating / sexual encounters
vulnerable to STIs, eating disorders, smoking, drinking, depression, anxiety, poor academic achievement

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11
Q

What is impact of late puberty for females?

A

lower peer status, more positive outcomes

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12
Q

What is percentage of adolescent obesity in Australia?

A

6% obese, 20% over BMI

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13
Q

What are causes of adolescent obseity?

A

combination of genetics and environment;

overwhelmingly calories in exceed calories out

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14
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

Eating disorder involving self-starvation
loss of 25%-505 body weight
less than 85% normal weight for age

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15
Q

What are family dynamics in anorexia nervosa?

A

very involved mothers, emotionally absent fathers

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16
Q

What is bulimia nervosa?

A 
bingeing, purging of caloric intake
- self induced vomiting
excessive exercise
laxatives
diuretics
dieting
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17
Q

What is bulimia nervosa linked with?

A

depression and low self esteem

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18
Q

What is treatment for anorexia and bulimia

A

behaviour therapy [reward eating]

cognitive therapy [change body image]

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19
Q

What is most common STI?

A

chlamydia

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20
Q

What is most common reported communicable disease?

A

STIs

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21
Q

What is experimentation [of drugs]?

A

substance use

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22
Q

What is habitual use of drugs referred to as

A

substance abuse [harmful use of alcohol / drugs]

addiction [psychological or physiological]

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23
Q

What are particular dangers of addiction for adolescents?

A

can change brain structures

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24
Q

What are most common drugs of use by adolescents?

A

analgesics [most]
alcohol
cigarettes
way down to cannabis

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25
What is binge drinking?
consecutive consumption of 5+ drinks in less than 2 hours
26
What is binge drinking associated with?
accidental death and injury interpersonal violence suicide
27
How many cigaretts are required for psychological and physical dependency?
as few as 10
28
What is primary prevention of cigarette smoking?
advertising, tax impost, bans
29
What are secondary preventions of cigarette smoking?
life-skills, decision making training | immunisation against substance abuse
30
How does Piaget define adolescent cognitive reasoning
hypothetico-deductive | - systematic, scientific approach; make hypotheses of observations and use these to test things
31
What is propositional reasoning [adolescence]
making logical inferences may apply to premises that aren't true understand validity of logic
32
What do critics of Piaget's adolescent formal operational thinking say
achievement of formal operations was overestimated [only half achieve full operational thought, some never] influenced by sociocultural context
33
What is horizontal decalage -
acquisition of concepts across different states / domains [Piaget assumed this - overestimated]
34
What is post-formal thinking?
formal operations used as problem solving tool for ambiguous problems
35
What is impact of formal operations on individual's cognition?
More critical of adult authority; can argue more skillfully Better able to understand philosophy and abstract topics May become judgemental about shortcomings in social systems May appear naive, trying to apply logic to big problems [eg world peace]
36
What are [King and Kitcheners] fundamentals, or essential elements, of critical thinking
Basic operations of reasoning Domain-specific knowledge Meta-cognitive knowledge [know when you've understood something] Values, beliefs, dispositions
37
What is relationship between decision making ability and emotional arousability?
decision making increases when emotional arousability is low
38
What happens to decision making ability in adolesnce?
increases: | more options generated, see different perspectives, predict outcomes, evaluation information sources
39
What is prospect theory [regarding individual's assessments of risk in decision making in adolescents]
balance between potential risk or gain risk aversive, risk seeking behaviour perception of risk more important than actuality biases due to retrievability of instances
40
What is Kohlberg's preconventional stage of moral judgement?
Emphasis on avoiding punishments and getting rewards Stage 1: heteronomous morality [good follows externally imposed rules and rewards, whatever avoids punishment]; ethics of punishment and obedience Stage 2: Individual purpose - good is what is agreeable to individual, and anyone who gives or receives favours [ethics of exchange]
41
What is Kohlberg's conventional stage of moral judgement?
Emphasis on social rewards Stage 3: Interpersonal normative morality; ethics of peer opinion Stage 4: social system orientation, conformity, ethics of law and order
42
What is Kohlberg's postconventional stage of moral judgement?
Emphasis on moral principles Stage 5: social contract orientation; ethics of social contract and individual rights Stage 6 ethics of self-chosen universal principles
43
What are concerns with Kohlberg's moral judgement theory
Dilemmas not aligned with real life no distinction between moral knowledge and social conventions gender and culture balance
44
What are Gilligan's stages of moral development?
Survival orientation [egocentric concern for self; right action promotes emotional and physical survival] Conventional Care [right action is whatever pleases others best] Integrated care [takes account of self as well as others] Integrated care
45
What does identity formation matter [Erikson?]
necessary for future development of friendships and intimate relationships identity diffusion => struggle to become adult with unique sense of self and role
46
What is process of identity formation?
Exploration and experimentation with various domains Identity evaluation within process of experimentation Psychological moratorium - take a 'gap year' as 'developmental time out'
47
What does resolution of Erikson's identity crisis lead to?
Fidelity - feeling of belonging-ness to friends and family - identification with set of values - sustained loyalty and faith - able to trust self
48
What are factors affecting identity formation
gender peers [inc importance of influence during adolescence] parents [identity diffusion associated with lack of parental support, warmth, communication] personality societal and cultural
49
How does 'self' develop in adolescence?
Self concept more complex and abstract [reflecting formal operational thought] increased skills in perspective taking Recognise inconsistencies of self [diff btwn true and false selves]
50
What is 'personal fable' in development of self?
beleif adolescent's life embodies special story that is heroic/unique; nobody else understands them
51
What is 'imaginary audience' in development of self?
Adolescent egocentrism - group of followers exist who watch their every move
52
What are decreases in adolescent self esteem association with?
transitions, stresses and challenges of adolescence and school more realistic self-appraisals
53
What are gender differences in adolescent self esteem?
girls' SE declines twice as much as boys [connected to body image?] Girls more vulnerable to negative aspects of opposite-sex friends Romantic relationships more likely to enhance boys self-esteem
54
What are reasons for intergenerational conflict [adolescence]
- lack of understanding of viewpoint and challenges of diff age groups - lack of respect for diff age group - intolerance by parents of adolescent behaviour - resentment of parents' power and restrictions
55
How does Dunphy define Clique?
group of 3-9 members close relationships security, group norms
56
How does Dunphy define Crowd
collection of cliques, 20 members | group identity
57
What is bullying?
repeated victimisation - verbal or physical abuse exploitation or exclusion
58
What are benefits of adolescent friendship
source of emotional and social support promote autonomy help in defining sense of self
59
What is average age of intercourse?
16 years
60
What is double standard re adolescent sex
premarital sex permitted for males, not for females
61
What are difficulties for non-heterosexual adolesncents?
achieving personal identity more difficult may experience rejection / isolation risk of depression and suicide [caused by societal treatment of homosexuals]
62
What are factors determining sexual orientation?
biological and genetic predisposition | possible role of prenatal hormone
63
What is rate of adolescent pregnancy in australia?
17/1000
64
What is reaction to adolescent pregnancy dependent on?
self esteem relationship with baby's father relationship with / support from parents peers who are parents
65
What are consequences of adolescent pregnancy
more prenatal and birth complications possible negative outcomes for children of teen mothers [health and academic; abuse and neglect; developmental disabilities] teen mothers less likely to complete education etc teen fathers less negatively affected [early contact w baby, declines over time]

PSYC213 (12 decks)

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