First two years Flashcards
What is average size of baby?
51cm and 3.4 kg
What is vernix?
oily protection against infection
What is laguno?
fuzzy prenatal hair
What are fontanelles
gaps in bones of head?
What does APGAR scale measure?
appearance pulse grimace activity respiration
What size is brain at birth and 3 years?
25% of adult weight
75% of adult weight
How much do newborns sleep?
16 hours per dday
Why is REM sleep important?
helps concretise learning
What is SIDS?
suden and unexplained death of apparently healthy infant
What are risk factors in SIDS?
sleeping on stomach and soft surfaces
passive smoking
mother smoking in pregnancy
baby too hot or cold
what does non-REM sleep look like in infant?
complete rest, muscles relaxed, eyes closed and still, breathing regular and slow
what does REM sleep look like in infant?
occasional twitches, jerks, facial grimaces, intermittent eye movements, breathing irregular and rapid
what does drowsiness look like in infant?
occasional movements [fewer than REM sleep], eyes open and close, breathing regular but faster than non-REM sleep
what does alert inactivity look like in infant?
eyes open and scanning, body relatively still, rate of breathing a little irregular
what does alert activity look like in an infant?
eyes open but not attending or scanning, frequent body movements, irregular breathing, flushed, vocalisations
what does distress look like in an infant?
whimpering or crying, vigorous movements, facial grimaces, skin flushed
Describe vision in infants
least developed of senses
reach adult 20/20 vision at 6 months
newborns better at tracking moving objects
respond preferentially to face-like patterns
Describe auditory acuity in infants
ability to hear present at birth
moro reflex - startle response to loud sound
infants prefer complex sounds
What is tonic neck reflex?
when baby lies on back, turn head to side, arm outstretched in direction of face, other arm flexed by ear
what is rooting reflex?
touch cheek, baby opens mouth
what is grasping reflex?
finger in palm, baby holds finger
what is babinski reflex
touch sole of foot and toes spread
what is startle response?
back arches and hands raised
How do motor skills develop?
caphalocaudal - head to tail
proximodistal - near to far
gross motor skills before fine motor skills
What does Brazelton NBAS test?
response of infants to 2 years motor organisation [activitiy level and coordination] reflexes state changes [ability to calm down] attention and interaction CNS stability
What does Bayley Scale of infant development measure
1mth - 3.5 years
find and gross motor skills
mental ability
What does Denver Developmental Screening Test measure
up to 6 years
motor, social / personal, language
What are benefits of breast milk?
matches infants nutritional needs
develops stronger sucking and jaw
immunity
What is marasmus
wasting condition, not enough calories, pre 12 months
what is kwashiorkor?
too many calories, not enough protein
What are risks that lead to low birth rate
maternal malnourishment, smoking, alcohol, teenage, low SES
What can low birth rate lead to?
cognitive impairment
low academic achievement
behavioural problems
What is non organic failure to thrive?
failure to grow for no apparent medical reason, highlights importance of love
What are two main approaches to studying cognition
changes in heart rate [assumption that because adult hr changes, babies will too]
habituation [getting used to a stimulus after a while, tf must remember it]
When does object constancy begin
8-12 months
What is object constancy?
belief that object remains the same despite changes in image received by eye [eg truck is a truck regardless of angle]
things continue to exist even when not visible
What are criticisms of Piaget?
might confuse lack of motor skills with cognitive limitations
memory limitations impact on performance
more continuity than change in cognitive development [whereas Piaget adopted strict stage approach]
Piaget rarely considered culture
consistently underestimated children’s cognitive abilities
