First two years

Question 1

What is average size of baby?

Answer 1

51cm and 3.4 kg

Question 2

What is vernix?

Answer 2

oily protection against infection

Question 3

What is laguno?

Answer 3

fuzzy prenatal hair

Question 4

What are fontanelles

Answer 4

gaps in bones of head?

Question 5

What does APGAR scale measure?

Answer 5

appearance
pulse
grimace
activity
respiration

Question 6

What size is brain at birth and 3 years?

Answer 6

25% of adult weight

75% of adult weight

Question 7

How much do newborns sleep?

Answer 7

16 hours per dday

Question 8

Why is REM sleep important?

Answer 8

helps concretise learning

Question 9

What is SIDS?

Answer 9

suden and unexplained death of apparently healthy infant

Question 10

What are risk factors in SIDS?

Answer 10

sleeping on stomach and soft surfaces
passive smoking
mother smoking in pregnancy
baby too hot or cold

Question 11

what does non-REM sleep look like in infant?

Answer 11

complete rest, muscles relaxed, eyes closed and still, breathing regular and slow

Question 12

what does REM sleep look like in infant?

Answer 12

occasional twitches, jerks, facial grimaces, intermittent eye movements, breathing irregular and rapid

Question 13

what does drowsiness look like in infant?

Answer 13

occasional movements [fewer than REM sleep], eyes open and close, breathing regular but faster than non-REM sleep

Question 14

what does alert inactivity look like in infant?

Answer 14

eyes open and scanning, body relatively still, rate of breathing a little irregular

Question 15

what does alert activity look like in an infant?

Answer 15

eyes open but not attending or scanning, frequent body movements, irregular breathing, flushed, vocalisations

Question 16

what does distress look like in an infant?

Answer 16

whimpering or crying, vigorous movements, facial grimaces, skin flushed

Question 17

Describe vision in infants

Answer 17

least developed of senses
reach adult 20/20 vision at 6 months
newborns better at tracking moving objects
respond preferentially to face-like patterns

Question 18

Describe auditory acuity in infants

Answer 18

ability to hear present at birth
moro reflex - startle response to loud sound
infants prefer complex sounds

Question 19

What is tonic neck reflex?

Answer 19

when baby lies on back, turn head to side, arm outstretched in direction of face, other arm flexed by ear

Question 20

what is rooting reflex?

Answer 20

touch cheek, baby opens mouth

Question 21

what is grasping reflex?

Answer 21

finger in palm, baby holds finger

Question 22

what is babinski reflex

Answer 22

touch sole of foot and toes spread

Question 23

what is startle response?

Answer 23

back arches and hands raised

Question 24

How do motor skills develop?

Answer 24

caphalocaudal - head to tail
proximodistal - near to far
gross motor skills before fine motor skills

Question 25

What does Brazelton NBAS test?

Answer 25

``` response of infants to 2 years motor organisation [activitiy level and coordination] reflexes state changes [ability to calm down] attention and interaction CNS stability ```

Question 26

What does Bayley Scale of infant development measure

Answer 26

1mth - 3.5 years find and gross motor skills mental ability

Question 27

What does Denver Developmental Screening Test measure

Answer 27

up to 6 years | motor, social / personal, language

Question 28

What are benefits of breast milk?

Answer 28

matches infants nutritional needs develops stronger sucking and jaw immunity

Question 29

What is marasmus

Answer 29

wasting condition, not enough calories, pre 12 months

Question 30

what is kwashiorkor?

Answer 30

too many calories, not enough protein

Question 31

What are risks that lead to low birth rate

Answer 31

maternal malnourishment, smoking, alcohol, teenage, low SES

Question 32

What can low birth rate lead to?

Answer 32

cognitive impairment low academic achievement behavioural problems

Question 33

What is non organic failure to thrive?

Answer 33

failure to grow for no apparent medical reason, highlights importance of love

Question 34

What are two main approaches to studying cognition

Answer 34

changes in heart rate [assumption that because adult hr changes, babies will too] habituation [getting used to a stimulus after a while, tf must remember it]

Question 35

When does object constancy begin

Answer 35

8-12 months

Question 36

What is object constancy?

Answer 36

belief that object remains the same despite changes in image received by eye [eg truck is a truck regardless of angle] things continue to exist even when not visible

Question 37

What are criticisms of Piaget?

Answer 37

might confuse lack of motor skills with cognitive limitations memory limitations impact on performance more continuity than change in cognitive development [whereas Piaget adopted strict stage approach] Piaget rarely considered culture consistently underestimated children's cognitive abilities