Week 1 Flashcards
The study of the biological effects of chemicals
pharmacology
chemicals that are introduced into the body to cause change
drugs
The branch of pharmacology that deal with drugs; chemicals that are used in medicine for the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of diseases in humans
pharmacotherapeutics
Nursing responsibilities when it comes to drugs
- administer drugs
- assessing drug effects
- medication education
- make medication regimen more manageable
- monitor overall pt care
Sources of drugs
- plants
- Animals
- inorganic compounds
- synthetic compounds/ man made
Drug evaluation must go on for every patented drug T or F?
TRUE
What is the first phase of drug evaluation?
Preclinical trials w/ lab animals
Drug evaluation phases
- preclinical trial: lab animals
- Phase 1 studies: healthy volunteers
- phase 2 studies: pts who have disease drug is supposed to help
- phase 3: vast clinical markets
- phase 4: continual eval
What drugs would be recommended during pregnancy
- HTN
- gestational diabetes
- antidepressants
- Prenatal Vitamin/ supplements
Drugs with abuse potential is called
controlled substances
What category ranking of abuse potential is controlled substances
C-II
When a drug receives approval from the FDA, the drug is given a time-limited patent
Brand Names
When the patent runs out on a brand name drug, it can be produced by other manufacturers
Generic names
What are some requirements both generic and brand name medications need to have
- both require the same strength of the active ingredient
- must use the same dosage
- must use the same route
What are products called that are available w/out prescription
OTC medication
How the DRUG effects the body
Pharmacodynamics
Drugs work in one of four ways…
- to replace or act as substitute for missing chemicals
- To increase/ stimulate certain cellular activities
- to depress/ slow certain cellular activities
- to interne functioning of foreign cells
Drugs that interact directly with receptor sites to cause the same activity that natural chemicals would cause at that site
Agonist reaction
Drugs that react with receptor sites to block normal stimulation, producing NO effect
Competitive agonist reaction
Drugs that react w/ specific receptor sites on a cell and by reacting there prevent the reaction of another chemical with a different receptor site on the cell
Noncompetitive agonist reaction
How the BODY ACTS on the drug
Pharmacokinetics
the amount of drug that is needed to cause a therapeutic effect
Critical concentration
A higher dose than is usually used for treatment; used with drugs that take a prolonged period to reach critical concentration, but the effects are needed quickly
Loading Dose
Dynamic equilibrium involves 4 processes which are…
- absorption from the entry site
- distribution to the active site
- metabolism in the liver
- excretion from the body
What happens to a drug from the time it is introduced to the body until it reaches the circulating fluids and tissues
Absorption
What absorption area in the body is the most common
GI tract( oral)
What can impact medications distribution to the body?
- Drugs lipid soluability
-high lipid soluable can pass through blood-brain barrier but non lipid soluable get stopped and do not pass - the perfusion of the reactive tissues
- low perfusion the medication does not disperse well
The mov’t of a drug to the bodys tissues
distribution
The process by which drugs are changed into new, less active chemicals
Metabolism
Where are drugs metabolized
LIVER
The removal of a drug from the body
Excretion
What organ plays a big role in excretion?
KIDNEYS
What is the time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one half of its peak level
Half-life
What if a patient has kidney disease, is there half life longer or shorter?
LONGER
What are factors that influence drug effects
- weight
- age
- sex
- genetic factors
- physiological factors
- pathological factors
- tolerance
- accumulation
- environmental factors
- immunological factors
- psychological factors
What are some interactions that can occur when taking a drug
- drug-drug interaction/ alternative therapies- drug
- drug-food interactions
- drug- lab test interactions
Undesired effects that may be unpleasant or even dangerous
Adverse effects
Adverse effect types
- primary action
- secondary action
- hypersensitivity reactions
Primary action
An extension of the desired effect
- anticoag creates too thin blood and excessive bleeding occurs
Secondary Action
Effects in addition to the desired effects
- benedryl creates drowsiness
Hypersensitive reaction
- excessive response to the primary or the secondary effects of a drug
occurs when the body forms antibodies to a drug which results in an immune response when the person is re-exposed to the drug
Drug allergy
Immediate, rash, difficulty breathing, high HR and PB, panic feeling
Anaphylactic reaction
8 med checks
- right person
- right drug
- right storage
- right route
- right dose
- right preparation
- right time
- right documentation
Not immediate, high fever, swollen lymph nodes, edema, painful joints
Serum sickness reaction
not immediate, damage to blood forming cells, elevated liver enzymes
Cytotoxic reaction
not immediate, rash, hives, swollen joints
Delayed allergic reaction
