Week 1 Flashcards
German Scientist responsible for originally challenging spontaeous generation
Rudolf Virchow
Also argued for biogenesis
Who disproved spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur
using the S neck flask experiment
Which techniques prevent such microorganisms from being introduced to nutrient-rich environments, and they are now the standard practice in medical and scientific settings.
Aseptic
Symptom vs sign
Symptom is subjective expereineced by the patient
Signs are objective indicators of a sickness
5 main types of pathogens responsible for diseases
bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helmets, and variouses
bacteria are
Single cell, prokaryotic organisms reproduceing asexually
3 shapes of bacteria
Coccus, bascillus or spiral
fungi
eurkaryotes reproducing asexually and sexually
Unicellular and multicellular
Not photosynthetic
absorb organic nutrients from decomposing material in the environment.
contain carbohydrate chitin in cell walls
Yeast
unicellular fungi that are larger than bacteria and typically oval
Molds
Multicellular fungi, composed of long fillaments of cell
protozoa
unicellular eukaryoties (some are parastic)
many are motile and free entities
Some are even photosynthetic
Sexual or asexual repro
Helminths
parastic worms
multicellular animal parasites
Viruses
Acellular
contain core surrounded by protein coat
Containing EITHER RNA or DNA
Parasties
require host to reproduce
Ringworm is caused by
Fungus
Bacteria cell walls contain
Peptidoglycan
Both RNA and DNA
What did Redi’s experiments determine
The results of his experiment demonstrated that living organisms are derived from other living organisms.
Who is responsible for connecting microbes to diseases in peopel?
Pasteur prevent such microorganisms from being introduced to nutrient-rich environments, and they are now the standard practice in medical and scientific settings.
provided the first definitive data linking bacteria to disease with his observations of anthrax in cattle.
Robert Koch
Who discovered penicilin
Alexander Fleming
How was penicilin first observed
he growth of S. aureus was inhibited by a molecule produced by mold.
Microorganisms that regularally populate the human body are
microbial genome
Archaea
May lack cell walls, but if they have cell walls, the walls lack peptidoglycan.
not known to cause disease
often found in extreme environments
both RNA and DNA
Human resistance factors
Barriers such as the skin, mucous mumebranes etc.
Why is MRSA concerning
It is a transmissible disease
It is resistent to penecillin
Major feature used to classify organisms into domains of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
presence or absence of peptidoglycan
presence or absence of a nucleus
nutritional and metabolic factors
Biofilm
Microorganisms that attach to each other and/or some usually solid surface
can be found are in the plaque on your teeth, on a rock in a lake, in and on medical devices, and water pipes.
Describe gene therapy
use of a harmless virus to insert a gene in a host cell
Prokaryote
Organism lacking membrane bound nucleus and organelles
Eukaryote
Containing membrane bound nucleus
Parisitology
The study of protozoa and worms
How do bacteria reproduce
Binary fission
Algae are
Photosynthetic and eukaryotic
What kinds of foods are microbes used to aid in the production of ?
vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles, soy sauce, cheese, yogurt, bread, and alcoholic beverage
What kinds of substances can bacteria be manipulated to produce ?
cellulose, human insulin, and proteins for vaccines
Microbiome/microbiota
Microbes living stably within the human biome
40 trillion bacterial cells
What does microorganism means?
An organism too smalll to be seen with the ey
Major roles of microorganisms
Few are pathogenic (disease-producing)
Some cause food spoilage
Decompose organic waste
Incorporate nitrogen gas in air into organic compounds
Generate oxygen by photosynthesis
Produce chemical products: ethanol, acetone, and vitamins
Produce fermented foods: vinegar, cheese, yogurt, alcoholic beverages, and bread
Can be used in industry to manufacture products: cellulose, insulin, drugs (antibiotics)
Major ways bicrobiome mainatins health?
Can prevent growth of pathogenic microbes (By outcompeting pathogen in numbers)
May help train the immune system to discriminate threats
Synthesize vitamins needed for the body
Two parts of microorganism name
Genus is capitalized; specific epithet (SPECIES name) is lowercase
Whole name is italicized
Who discovered E. coli
Theodor Escherich
Meaning of Staphylococcus aureus
Staph = clustered
Coccus = Spherical
Aureus = gold coloured
Three domains of microorganims
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Main filums of Eukarya
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Major types of microorganisms (Organized from smallest to largest)
Virus
Bacteria
Protozoans & Fungi (Similar)
Protozoans
Nanometer vs micrometer
Nanometer is 1000x smaller than micrometer
Terms denotes microbes causing infection
infectious
infectious agents
pathogens
pathogenic microorganisms
Bacteria cell vs Eukarote
Eukaryote 10x larger
Staph infection resident or transient in people
Generally transient however it can become resident in HCP
Resident bacteria composing 60% of LI
E. coli
Are most people at risk for C. Diff?
No, our E. coli population outcompetes it, however, immunocompromised people are
Function of appendix
Harbors good bacteria
Trains bodys immune systems to recognize pathogens
Carl Woese
Developed classification system for microbes
Major cause of cervical cancer
HPV, which is an infectious organism
Types of infectious agents
Prions: misfolded proteins diseases causing mad cow disease
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Algae (Non-infectious/toxins)
Protozoa
Helminths: Tapes worms, flukes
Arthropods (ticks, fleas, insects)
Prions
Misfolded proteins responsible for synthesizing mad cow disease
Study of microorganisms broken into
Bacteriology
Virology
Mycology (study of fungi)
Parasitology (study of parasites: protozoans, worms, insects)
Robert Hooke
Gave us the idea of cells (All living things are composed of cells)
Marked the beginning of the cell theory
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
First observation of microbes via magnifying glass
Viewed animalcuels (bacteria, protozoa)
What is a theory in science
What science knows as the truth
Proven through experiments
Knowledge that is believed to be the case
Spontaneus Generation Debate
Hypothesis: Living organisms arise from non-living matter
A “vital force” gives rise to life
Rebuttal: Biogeneisis hypothesis: Living organisms arise from preexisting life (Living organisms)
Are helminths and anthropods microbes?
No
John Needham
Experiment involving adding broth to UNSTERILIZED JAR resulting in bacterial growth
Sterilizing jar resulting in none
Claimed that microbes developed spontaneously from the fluids
Louis Pasteur
Demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter through his S flask experiment
Invented pasteurization (Heating before sealing to prevent microorganisms from growing) and fermentation
Joseph Lister
Performed surgery under aseptic conditions using phenol. Proved that microbes caused surgical wound infections
Listerine mouthwash (disinfects the mouth)
Robert Koch
Germ theory: Specific bacteria cause specific diseases
Pure cultures: Organisms can be isolated to very high purity
First isolated the bacteria causing tuberculosis and cholerae
Gram scientist credited for
Gram-staining procedure
Petri credited for
Invented the petri dish allowing for the exchange of air for bacterial growth
What was the 2nd era of microbiology focused on
Treating diseases
chemotherapy. synthetic drugs
Antibiotics:
3rd era of microbiolgy ofcus on
Molecular Biology
Genetic manipulations and genomics
Ehrlich “magic bullet”
If we study microorganisms and study the hosts we can identify something to target microorganisms without injuring the host
Penecillin discovery
Fleming - credited with the discovery of penicillin
- Did not use antiseptic techniques, and accidentally created penicillin (a fungi)
- Penicillin inhibits the growth of staph
Charpentier and doudna credited with
Credited with discovering gene editing
Clinical microbiology:
Biology of medically important microorganisms
Chemotherapy and Microbial Physiology
Control of microorganisms
Microbial Pathogenesis & Host defense
Virulence factors & host-pathogen interaction
Microbial Ecology
Microbiota & biofilm
Biotechnology
Practical applications of microbiology (biotechnology)
Immunity, Immunology & Vaccinology
Host Immunization, allergies, immunodeficiencies, and autoimmune diseases
Epidemiology & public health microbiology:
Movement of diseases in populations, emerging infectious diseases, Case studies of common infectious diseases
Three approaches to studying infectious diseases
Organismal approach: focus on type of organism
Bacterial diseaes, etc.
Body systems approach: Focus on body parts infected
Skin infections, cardiovascular system infections, UTIs, repro infections etc.
Ecological approach: How does the person become infected/route of infection
Clinical vs diagnostic microbiology
Clinical : Mostly looking at associating bw pathogens and diseases
Focused on treating/dealing with what we DO know
We know the problem, we want to confirm that you have
Diagnostic: Identification of medically important microorganisms in laboratory, WHAT is causing the problem
Focused on what we dont know
Culturing, biochemical tests, micrioscopy, staining etc.
The hunting stage
How many bacteria have been identified
Around 1 million of an estimated 10 million
Why aren’t viruses living
Behave like they are living when they are in/on a host (multiplication)
Does not multiply without host
NOT COMPOSED OF CELLS
Carolus Linnaeus
Proposed nomenclature for organisms (binomial naming system)
Credited with developing the first vaccine
Cowpox caused an immunity against smallpox
Edward Jenner
Two main types of prokaryotes
Bacteria archaea
Most common shapes of bacteria
Baillus (rod like), coccus (spherical), and spiral
Can bacteria move? Or are they stationary
Many bacteria can propell themselves with cillia or flagella
Slime molds
Credited with developing the first vaccine
Cowpox caused an immunity against smallpox
Who’s discovery marked the begining of cell theory
Hookes
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek and Hookes
Anton invented an improved microscope (lens) that allowed for greater resolution than Hookes managed
Who demonstrated that microbes are present in the air>
Pasteur
Koch’s postulates
a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease
(1) The causative agent must be isolated in every case of the disease.
(2) The causative agent must be cultured outside the host.
(3) When injected into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease.
(4) The same etiologic agent must be cultured from the once healthy host when it becomes sick.
True or false : Gene expression is very similar for all living organisms
True
How were microbes connected to diseases?
Pasteur demonstrated that microbes are responsible for food spoilage, leading researchers to the connection between microbes and disease.
First golden age of microbiology
Led by Pasteur and Koch
Discoveries included both the agents of many diseases and the role of immunity in preventing and curing disease
Fermentation
Pasturization
Gram-staining
petri dish
Germ theory (Koch)
Cure for tuberculosis
Who is mainly responsible for the germ theory
Koch
Fermentation
Discoveries included both the agents of many diseases and the role of immunity in preventing and curing disease
What is the germ teoryh
The idea that microorganisms could be responsible for disease
Diseases were originally thought to be
Punishment for crimes/sins
The first vaccine was for
Smallpox
Virulence
Ability to cause disease
Chemotherapuy
Treatment of disease via chemial substsance
Antibiotics
Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi that act against bacteria
First antibiotic discovered
Penilciln by ALexander Fleming
Microbial gneetics
produced naturally by bacteria and fungi that act against bacteria
Bioremediation
Using Microbes to convert pllutants or toxins into energy for the bacteria or less harmful substances to humans
Commericial use of microbes to protect crop food resources is called
Biotechnology
Gene therapuy
This technique uses an enzyme or harmless virus to carry the missing or new gene into certain host cells, where the gene is picked up and inserted into the appropriate chromosome.
Purpose of biofilms
They protect your mucous membranes from harmful microbes, and biofilms in lakes are an important food for aquatic animals. Biofilms can also be harmful. They can clog water pipes, and on medical implants such as joint prostheses and catheter
MSRA
methicillin-resistant S. aureus
penicillin-resistant S. aureus became a major threat in hospitals in the 1950s, requiring the use of methicillin, and now methicillin is largely resisted agianst requiring the use of vancomycin
Who demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provides humans with immunity to smallpox.
Edward Jenner
what are vaccines made from
from living avirulent micro-organisms or killed pathogens, from isolated components of pathogens, and by recombinant DNA techniques
Light microscopes useful for what range of size?
1mm-200nm
Range of TEM
10 nm- 100 micrometers
Ribosomes and RBCs
What is the condensor in an electron microscope?
Electromagnet
What is an ecological approach focused on?
How a person becomes affected
