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BIO233 > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

the lag phase

A

This period of little or no cell division, called the lag phase, can last for or several days. During this time, the cells are not dormant; they are undergoing a period of intense metabolic activity

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2
Q

multiplication of DNA animal virus

A

❶–❷ Following attachment, entry, and uncoating, the viral DNA is released into the nucleus of the host cell.

❸ Transcription of a portion of the viral DNA—the “early” genes—occurs next. Translation follows. The products of these genes are enzymes that are required for the multiplication of viral DNA. In most DNA viruses, early transcription is carried out with the host’s transcriptase (RNA polymerase); poxviruses, however, contain their own transcriptase.

❹ Sometime after the initiation of DNA replication, transcription and translation of the remaining “late” viral genes occur. Late proteins include capsid and other structural proteins.

❺ This leads to the synthesis of capsid proteins, which occurs in the cytoplasm of the host cell.

❻ After the capsid proteins migrate into the nucleus of the host cell, maturation occurs; the viral DNA and capsid proteins assemble to form complete viruses.

❼ Complete viruses are then released from the host cell.

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3
Q

Major difference bw maturation of RNA virus and DNA

A

The multiplication of RNA viruses is essentially the same as that of DNA viruses, except RNA viruses multiply in the host cell’s cytoplasm.

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4
Q

steps of RNA virus replication

A

After uncoating, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses with a strand genome are able to synthesize proteins directly from their strand. Using the strand as a template, they transcribe strands to produce additional strands to serve as mRNA and be incorporated into capsid proteins as the viral genome. (b, blue arrow) The ssRNA viruses with a strand genome must transcribe a strand to serve as mRNA before they begin synthesizing proteins. The mRNA transcribes additional strands for incorporation into capsid protein. (c, yellow arrow) The dsRNA viruses transcribe a + strand in capsid proteins to protect dsRNA from cellular destruction.

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5
Q

Replication of retrovirus

A

Is actually a ssRNA(+) containing reverse transcriptase or RNA dependent DNA polymerase

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6
Q

Best description of parental route of entry

A

M/o deposited under the skin

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7
Q

Examples of infections using parental route of entry

A

HIV, hepatitis, tetanus

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8
Q

Salmonella typhi preferred portal of entry

A

GI tract (mucous membrane)

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9
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia: portal of entry

A

Resp tract (mucous membrane)

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10
Q

Yersinia pestis portal of entry

A

Black plague - parental route

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11
Q

Virulence often expressed as

A

ID50

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12
Q

Potency often expressed as

A

LD50

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13
Q

Bacteria forms of adherence to cells

A

Glycocalyx of Streptococcus mutans: surface of teeth
Fimbriae of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: specific cells in small intestine
Fimbriae ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae: cells in genitourinary tract
Tapered end as a hook: Treponema pallidum

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14
Q

What does streptococcus use to adhere to host

A

Glycocalyx

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15
Q

How does N. Gonnorhoeae ahere to GI tract

A

finmbraie

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16
Q

How does treponema pallidum adhere to GI tract

A

Tapered end is hooked

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17
Q

Adhesins or ligands

A

glycoproteins or lipoproteins) on microbes bind to receptors (carbohydrates) on host cells; altering one can block adherence

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18
Q

Invasin

A

Invasins rearrange nearby host cell cytoskeleton and induce ruffling

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19
Q

How does a capsule contribute to a bacteria virulence (ex of bacteria)

A

impair phagocytosis

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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20
Q

How does having a waxy layer contribute to virulence plus example

A

Waxy layer: resist digestion by phagocytes
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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21
Q

How is Coagulase used to evade host defenses

A

Coagulate the fibrinogen in blood
Staphylococcus aureus

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22
Q

How does kinase allow for evading host defenses

A

Digest fibrin clots
Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus

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23
Q

Hyaluronidase use in virulence

A

Hydrolyses hyaluronic acid that holds together some cells in body (i.e. connective tissue)
Streptococcus spp, Clostridium spp

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24
Q

Collaginase purpose

A

Hydrolzyses collagen

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25
Q

Which bacteria uses IgA proteases

A

N. Gonnohoreae

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26
Q

What does a bacteria alter on itself to avoid detection and become a different strain

A

Antigens

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27
Q

2 ways that pathogens damage host cells

A

Siderophores and direct damage

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28
Q

Characteristics of Exotoxin

A

mostly Gram +ve (but found in both)
Yes neutralized by antigen
Does not cause fever
Small lethal dose

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29
Q

Characteristics of endotoxin

A

ONLY G-

Present in LPS of outer membrane
Causes fever
Unaffected by antitoxin
Large lethal dose (relatively)

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30
Q

During what phase of bacterial grwoth are exotoxins secreted?

A

Log phase

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31
Q

The primary function of the humoral,

A

AKA antibody-mediated, immune response is to control freely circulating pathogens.

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32
Q

Helper T cell

A

Activated by two signals

  1. Binding of T cell receptor to processed antigen
  2. Costimulatory cytokine
33
Q

Cell mostly responsible for enhanced secondary response to an antigen

A

Memory cells

34
Q

This type of immunity is acquired via injection of antibodies from an individual or host that has immunological memory to the specific pathogen or antigen.

A

artificially acquired passive immunity

35
Q

This type of immunity is acquired when a person is vaccinated for a specific type of infection via the introduction of antigens. These antigens normally have undergone some type of modification and may not confer the same type of long-lasting memory that would occur with unmodified antigens

A

artificially acquired active immunity

36
Q

What type of defenses are the first line defenses?

A

External

Secretions: Skin pH 3-5 (inhibit microbes)
Lysozyme: Enzyme in skin, saliva and tear secretions
Fungistatic fatty acid in sebum (oily skin)
Lactic acid bacteria in vagina:
Produce lactic acid (acidic pH)
Stomach acid is lethal to most bacteria:
Helicobacter pylori survives stomach pH
Normal Microflora:

37
Q

Complement systems

A

An antimircrobial substance produced by the body composed of Special proteins that attack and lyse microbes

38
Q

Interferons

A

Antimicrobial substance of proteins secreted by virus infected cells that inhibit viral multiplication

39
Q

Defensins

A

Antimicrobial proteins secreted by activated macrophages to destroy pathogens

40
Q

Ag

A

Antigen

41
Q

Ab

A

Antibody

42
Q

Describe physical differences bw mature T cell and Mature B cell

A

B cell

Y shaped with two IDENTICAL light chains and two IDENTICAL heavy chains

Two differnt (straight) chains

43
Q

CD antigens stands for

A

Clusters of differentiation

44
Q

Most T cells are

A

Helper (65%)`

45
Q

What MHC class do T cells

A

MHC 1 or MHC 2

46
Q

Most osre throats can be treated by

A

Penecillum

47
Q

Analytical epidimology

A

Comparing healthy individuals to sick (florence nightinggale)

48
Q

Descriptive epidemiolgy

A

Gathering information of all sorts

49
Q

Streptococcus Pyogenes

A

Low G+C Lactobacillus

50
Q

First step In DNA virus multiplication

A

Synthesis of DNA

51
Q

Differnce bw vehicle transmission and vector

A

Vehicle is air, water, food

Vector is biological (animal) or passive (FLy on food)

52
Q

How can botulism ingestion be easily avoided

A

Boiling food

53
Q

Cornebacterium diptheria

A

High G+C G+ producing exotoxins

54
Q

Salmonella produces toxins?

A

Endotoxins

55
Q

Vibrio cholera produces toxins?q

A

Exotoxins

56
Q

Do phagocytes use complements or lysozumes?

A

COmplements but no lysozymes

57
Q

Neutrophils with a defextive lysozyme are unable to do what to a pathogen

A

Digest it

58
Q

Normal microbiota of the skin

A

Micrococci
M. luteus
M. roseus
Staphylococci
S. epidermidis
S. aureus
Diphtheroids (pleomorphic rods)
Corynebacterium xerosis (aerobic)
Propionibacterium acnes (anaerobic)

59
Q

Ampicillin

A

Semisynthetic (penecilin)
Extended-spectrum
beta lactam antibiotic

60
Q

Cephalosporins does whar

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis

61
Q

Bacitracin, Colistin, and vancomyosin are

A

Polypeptide antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis

62
Q

isonicotinylhydrazine and ethambutol are

A

Antimycobacterial antibiotics inhibitors of cell wall synthessi

mycolic acid synthesis

63
Q

Pseudonomas are

A

G- Gamma proteobacteria

64
Q

Tetracyclines
Macrolides (e.g. Erythromycin)
Chloramphenicol
Aminoglycoside

are all

A

Broad spectrum Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis

65
Q

Rifamycin, Quinolones and fluoroquinolones
Nalidixic acid, Ciprofloxacin (CIPRO)

A
  1. Inhibitors of DNA/RNA Synthesis and treatment for antrhax
66
Q

Polymyxin B

A
  1. Injury to the Plasma Membrane

effective against g- like psudonomonas

67
Q

Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim, and SXT –

A

Competitive Inhibitors of Enzymes

68
Q

2 major bacteria genera involved in diseases of the skin

A

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus

69
Q

Describe S.Epidermis

A

Very common on skin (90%)
Opportunistic infection (broken skin or catheter)
Produce biofilm
`

70
Q

What bacteria CAN be found on the skin, is not NORMAL skin flora, and causees a wide range of diseases?

A

Streptococci

71
Q

P. aeruginosa. resists antibiotics

A

Pump out drug
Efflux pumps

72
Q

How does S.aureus resist antibiotics

A

Prevents entrance

73
Q

How is MRSA durg resistant

A

Alteration of target enzyme or organellec (Binding proteins of penicillin)

74
Q

M protein or Capsule prevents adherence to macrophage

A

Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae

75
Q

Leukocidins kill mcrophages:

A

Staphylococcus aureus

76
Q

Lysis of phagolysosome

A

Listeria monocytogenes

77
Q

Escape from the phagosome

A

Shigella

78
Q

Prevent fusion of phagosome with lysosome

A

HIV and M. tuberculosis

79
Q

Survive in phagolysosome (advantage?)

A

Coxiella bunetii

BIO233 (18 decks)

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