Body Systems Approach

Question 1

Chemical defenses of the skin

Answer 1

Salt inhibits microbes
Lysozyme hydrolyzes peptidoglycan
Fatty acids inhibit some pathogens
Defensins are antimicrobial peptides

Question 2

Normal microbiota of the skin

Answer 2

Gram-positive, salt-tolerant bacteria, group into small clumps
Micrococci
Staphylococci
- S. epidermidis
- S. aureus
Diphtheroids (pleomorphic rods)

Some are opportunistic pathogens

Question 3

Two major genra of bacteria causing skin infections

Answer 3

Staphylococcus
Streptococcus

Question 4

Staphyloccocal skin infections include

Answer 4

S. epidermidis
- 90% of people have it
- Opportunistic infection (broken skin or catheter)
- Produce biofilm
S. aureus

Most pathogenic of staphylococci
Problem in hospitals (MRSA)
Produce leukocidin - an exfoliative toxin

Question 5

S. epidermidis infection

Answer 5

Staphylococcal Skin infection

Very common on skin (90%)
Opportunistic infection (broken skin or catheter)
Produce biofilm

Question 6

S. aurerus skin infection

Answer 6

Most pathogenic of staphylococci
Problem in hospitals (MRSA)
Produce leukocidin - an exfoliative toxin
Kill phagocytes, Resistant to opsonization,
Produces superantigen

Question 7

Folliculitis

Answer 7

Infections of the hair follicles (often called pimples

stys
furunlce
Carbuncle

Question 8

Sty

Answer 8

Folliculitis of eyelash

Question 9

Furuncle

Answer 9

(boil)- localized hair infection
A type of abscess (pus surrounded by inflamed tissue).

Question 10

Carbuncle

Answer 10

more extensive damage by folliculitis
Inflammation of tissue under the skin

Question 11

Impetigo

Answer 11

Infectious skin lesions with crusted centers
Mostly affects children (2 to 5 yrs)
Highly contagious
May involve both S. aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 12

SSSS

Answer 12

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
In babies (problem in nurseries)
Due to exfoliative toxin

Type of S. aureus infection

Question 13

Toxic shock syndrome

Answer 13

Often life threatening
Toxin (superantigen) enter the bloodstream
Characterized by high fever, low blood pressure, malaise and confusion, can progress to coma

Question 14

What drug is often the last line of antimicrobial defense

Answer 14

Vancomyosin

Question 15

What type of skin infection produces hemolysins

Answer 15

Streptococci

Question 16

S. pyogenes infection is what genra

Answer 16

Streptococcal Skin Infections

Question 17

Erysipelas

Answer 17

Reddish patches with raised margins (more superficial)

Question 18

Treatment for streptococcal infections

Answer 18

(b-lactam-type antibiotics, e.g. cephalosporin)

Question 19

Necrotizing fasciitis

Answer 19

flesh eating disease

Produces an extra toxin
Exotoxin A that can act as a superantigen (immune system to contribute to the damage)

Question 20

Most common skin disease in humans

Answer 20

acne

Question 21

3 levels of acne

Answer 21

Comedonal acne- mild
Inflammatory acne- moderate
Nodular cystic acne- severe

Question 22

How should mild acne be treated

Answer 22

Topical applications

Question 23

Main cause of acne

Answer 23

: Propionibacterium acnes
Aerotolerant anaerobe

Question 24

How do microbes enter the NS

Answer 24

CSF normally sterile

Skull or backbone fractures
During medical procedures
Via peripheral nerves, blood vessels, or lymph vessels

Question 25

Treatment of meningitis

Answer 25

Cephalosporins; begins even before positive identification of microbes.

Question 26

Most common infectious diseases occur in what body system

Answer 26

Respiratory

Question 27

Two divisions of resiratory tract

Answer 27

Upper Respiratory tract: Nose, pharynx (throat) & middle ear and auditory tubes Lower respiratory tract: Larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes and lungs (alveoli)

Question 28

Include common cold, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, epiglottitis occur in which division of resp system

Answer 28

URTI

Question 29

What causes URTI

Answer 29

Viruses: ~ 40-70% of URTIs Bacteria: ~15% of URTIs

Question 30

Strep thoat caused vy

Answer 30

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 31

Treatment for strep throat

Answer 31

Penicillins and erythromycin (some resistance to has appeared)

Question 32

TB, Bronchitis, and pneumonia affect which part of resp syst

Answer 32

LRSI

Question 33

Diff bw streptococcus pneumoniae and mycoplasma pneumoniae

Answer 33

Difference bw streptococcus pneumoniae (treated by peniclilum type antibiotics that target the cell wall), mycoplasma pneumonieae (atypical pneumonia therefore will not repsonsd to normal antiboiotics_

Question 34

How much of fecal matter is microbial cell material

Answer 34

40%

Question 35

Fecal oral cycel

Answer 35

Pathogens eneter food and water supply Fecal oral cycle can be broke via proper seage disposal, disinfection of drinking water, proper food prep/storage, rapid and reliable diagnosis, effective vaccines

Question 36

What parts of urinary system are sterile

Answer 36

Bladder and upper tract

Question 37

Is urethra sterile?

Answer 37

Usually in males, females: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis and some Streptococcus

Question 38

How does estrogen promote growth of lactobacili

Answer 38

By enhanceing production of glycogen

Question 39

Cystitis

Answer 39

Inflammation of the bladder Usually caused by coliforms E. coli (~85%), And others Proteus, Klebsiella, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas species

Question 40

Urethritis

Answer 40

Inflammation of urethra

Question 41

Pyelonephritis

Answer 41

Inflammation of kidneys

Question 42

Types of Bacterial vaginosis (BV

Answer 42

Changing in vagina such as rise in pH Symptoms: light discharge (fishy smell) Responsible bacteria: Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus sp, Peptostreptococcus sp, and Mycoplasma hominis

Question 43

example of Vaginitis

Answer 43

Candida albicans

Question 44

Most common STI

Answer 44

Trichomonas vaginalis (protozoan)

Question 45

Common viral STDs

Answer 45

Genital warts (HPV), Hepatitis, HIV-AIDS

Question 46

Pubic lice and scabies are examples of

Answer 46

Athropod STDs