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BIO233 > Active Immunity > Flashcards

Active Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Two kinds. of acquired immunity

A

Natural and artificial

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2
Q

Two kinds of natural immunity

A

Active immunity: As consequence of a person developing own immune response to a microbe
Passive immunity: In consequences of one person receiving performed immunity made by another person (by breast feeding, the IgA)

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3
Q

How does IgA funciton in breast milk

A

The IgA agglutigates to pathogens present IN the breast milk before it even gets to the baby

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4
Q

Two kinds of artificial immunity

A

Active immunity: Antibodies produced outside the body, introduced to the body bc a person has been exposed to a pathogen (Only helps if introduced in early stages of infection
Passive immunity:
Antibodies = antiserum
Produced by animal, antibodies are purified and then injected to person\

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5
Q

Vaccination

A

Process of introducing antigen into body - route of administration may vary

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6
Q

Immunization

A

What results from vaccinations stimulating immunity

Vaccine induces Abs production nand activated Cell-mediated immunity callrs to protect host from future infection

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7
Q

Infant/childhood immunizations include booster doses for

A

tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough and polio

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8
Q

At what age are boosters first given

A

Kindergarten

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9
Q

What booster is given following any deep injury

A

Booster tetanus toxoid

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10
Q

Four major types of vaccines

A

Whole cells (live attenuated or inactivated-killed)
Acellular or subunit (part of the cell, NOT whole thing) : (toxoid (part of toxin), recombinant vaccine)
Conjubated (Two components, joined together) (capsule+protein) - greater stimulation of the immune system (Haemophilus influenza type B vaccine)
Nucleic acid: DNA or RNA (covid19 vaccine)

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11
Q

Attentuated vaccines

A

(Live but avirulent)
Longer term protection w/o booster, effective, closely mimic actual infection
Disadvantages: Potential stronger sideaffects, virus occasionally reverts to the toxic type (rare)

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12
Q

Examples of attentuated vaccines

A

viral vaccines: Measella, rubella, poli, chickpoc
Bacterial vaccines: TB, and typhoid

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13
Q

Two types to administer a whle cell vaccine

A

Attentuated (Live but avirulent)
Inactivated/killed

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14
Q

Inactivated vaccine

A

Heat or chemical killing/inactivation (chemicals: formalin or phenol)
Less effective, require boosters

Whole organism used
Advangtages: Produces several types of Antibodies, some more effective than others

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15
Q

Examples of inactivated vaccines

A

Viral vaccines: Rabies (og), polio (salk), influenza
Bacterial vaccine: whoopign cough, cholera, pneumococcal pneumonia

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16
Q

Acellular or subunit vaccines

A

Antigenic fragments of a pathogen that best stimulates an immune response
Capsular polysacchardie (part of capsule)
Surface antigenic proteins
Toxoid(inactivated toxin)

17
Q

How are subunit vaccines produced

A

by genetic modification technique

18
Q

Example of acellular vaccine

A

Heb B Vaccine

19
Q

Nucleic Acid vaccine

A

DNA/RNA is artificially produced, and purity is assured
Can be expressed for extended times with good immunological memory
Several genes can be mixed and injected as one vaccine
DNA/RNA sequences can be produced cheaply and very quickly
Genes can be quickly isolated from any organism and vaccines can be generated
Bare bones type of vaccines (minimum stuff required ot make a vaccine)

20
Q

Example of DNA vaccines

A

Covid 19

21
Q

Why do some vaccine- preventable diseases persist?

A

Microbes persist in the environment - cannot be eliminated
Some vaccine formulations need extra boosters to remain effective
Avoidance of vaccination
Lower rate of vaccination due to poverty and lack of health infrastructure

22
Q

How many phases of clinical trials

A

4

23
Q

Phase 1 goal to determine

A

Is the new drug/treatnent safe

24
Q

Phase 1 involves

A

Involves 10-80 volunteers
Volunteers closely monitored for toxicity, side effects, dosagel levels, route of administration (not necessarily looking at efficacy)
Abt 70% of drugs proceed to phase 2

25
Q

Goal of phase 2

A

Does the new drug/treatment work

26
Q

Phase 2 involves

A

100-300 volunteers
Volunteers receive dose determined to be most effective in phase 1
May last up to two years and new combinations of drugs also tested
Although more people invovled still may not pickup all the risks
Therw is need foro some people to have the condition being teated
Abut 30% of drugs/treatments proceed to phase 3

27
Q

Phase 3 goals

A

Is new drug/treatment better than what we have

28
Q

Phase 3 involves

A

Involves 1000s-10,000s (across countries)
Volunteers randomly assigned to groups
Double blind studies used (people administering and receiving treatment don’t know if recieving treatment or placebo)
May last several years
Although more people involved, still may not pick up all the risks
If successful, durg/treatment manufacturers ay then apply for approval
25-30% proceed to phase 4

29
Q

Emergency use authorization

A

Trials have been done and proven to work, during crisis, they can be used before approval

30
Q

Phase 4 goal

A

What else can we learn abt drug/treatment?

31
Q

Phase 4 involves

A

Involvese collecting data as the drug/treatment is rolled out
Since drug is now being administerd to large population, some rare side effects may apperar (blood clots in Astrzeneca)
What are long term side effects
Phase 4 clinical trials are generally safest (drug has already been extensively studeied)

32
Q

When could an emergecy use authorization occur?

A

Phase 3 or even 2

33
Q

Adjuvants

A

Nontoxic materials added to vaccines to enhance immunogenicity of highly purified antigens
Increases the effectibenes of vaccines

Multivalent DPT or DPT-polio vaccine uses aluminum salts
Some adjuvants can cause allergic reactions

34
Q

Examples of adjuvants

A

Aluminum salts, phosphates, oil-and water emulsion

35
Q

Multivalnet vaccine benefits

A

Individuals vaccines often combined
Reduces number of injections children are subjected to

36
Q

Comon ultivalent vaccine in Canada

A

Dipttheria (d), and acellular Pertussis and Tetanus toxoid (T) - DaPT
Salk polio vaccine added - DaPT - polio vaccine
Pentavelent vaccine DaPT-polio-Hib

37
Q
A

BIO233 (18 decks)

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