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BIO233 > Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of the chemical reactions in an organism

Catoblistic + anabolistic reactions

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2
Q

Catobolism

A

Energy released by breaking down molecules (captured as ATP)

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3
Q

Anabolism

A

Amino acids are used to make larger more complex proteins

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4
Q

Which process is soley anabolic

A

Photosynthesis

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5
Q

Is glucogenesis anabolic or catabolic

A

anabolic

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6
Q

How do phtosynthesis and oxytative phsophorylation interact?

A

O2 produced by photosynthesis used in oxidative phosphorylation

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7
Q

Energy required in chemical reaction to convert reactants into products

A

energy of activation

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8
Q

How do enzymes affect chemical reactions

A

Increase rate
Make product production easier

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9
Q

What may occur after the enzyme binds to the active site

A

Enzyme may change shape and amino acids from active site may donate or recieve electrons

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10
Q

Steps of enzyme reaction

A

Binding to substrate active site
Formation of enzyme-substrate complex
Product formation
Dissassociation
Enzyme recovery

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11
Q

WHere does energy to make ATP come from in glycolysis

A

Glucose

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12
Q

Net ATP produced by one glucose in glycolysis

A

2

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13
Q

Substrate level phosphoylation

A

The process of moving a phosphate from metabolic products to ADP to form ATP

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14
Q

Oxidtative phosphorilat

A

Aerobic organisms use a proton gradient to drive phosphorilatoion of ADP to ATP

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15
Q

Kreb cycle or

A

Citric acid cycle

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16
Q

What occurs at transition/bridge step of the Kreb cycle

A

decarboxylation of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA

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17
Q

What is the process called where NADH is converted to ATP

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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18
Q

Final electron acceptor in electron transport chain

A

Oxygen

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19
Q

What is NADH

A

A coenzyme

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19
Q

What are the main steps in cellular respiration

A

Glycolisis (anaerobic)
intermediate step
Krebs cycle (aerobic)
Electron Transport Chain

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20
Q

Which step in cellular respiration makes the most ATP?

A

Electron Transport

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21
Q

How are catabolism and anabolism related

A

Catabolism provides energy and building blocks for anabolism

Anabolism uses the energy and building blosk to build larger moelcules

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22
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

Sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell

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23
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance increasing rate of chemical reaction without undergoing andy permanent chemical changes itself

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24
Q

Characteristiccs of a catalyst

A

Can be organic (enzyme) or inorganic
Almost all enzymes are proteins

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25
Q

How do enzymes differ from inorganic catalysts

A

High reaction rates (milliseconds)
Milder reaction conditions (37 degrees)
Reaction specificity
Capacity for regulation (turn on when required, turn off when not)

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26
Q

What is the main action of an enzyme

A

Lowers the activation energy of reactions

provide another path for the reaction to take that requires less energy (Bring molecules together in more efficient fashion, conserving energy)

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27
Q

What is an energy barrier

A

The amount of energy that must be overcome before a reaction can occur

(energy required to break and form bonds)

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28
Q

Factors affecting rate of enzyme reaction

A

Temperature
pH (varies, some work better in stomach vs SI)
pH is raised from stomach to SI by addition of bicarbonate from the pancreas
Substrate conc. (Until saturation point)
Enzyme conc.
Inhibitors (reduce rate at which enzyme reaction occurs)
Heavy metals
Tylonel

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29
Q

How do enzymes release energy

A

by a series of controlled reactions

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30
Q

How is energy as fuel molecules stored?

A

as chemical energy
In form of ATP, NADHm FADH

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31
Q

Two processes used to produce energy

A

Respiration and fermentation

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32
Q

What is oxidation

A

Removal of electrons from a molecule

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33
Q

Purpose of GLycolysis

A

form energy as ATP and NADH

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34
Q

When body requires oxygen and isnt getting enough (excersis) which pathway is used?

A

Glycolosis pathway

35
Q

What is the opposite of respiration

A

Fermentation

36
Q

Glycolisis pathway

A

ATP produced and NAD+ reduced to NADH and glucose oxidied to pyruvic acid.

37
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Pyruvic acid converted to CoA and used in the Krebs cycle

38
Q

How is ATP generated

A

From ADP via phosphorylation

39
Q

2 ways phosphorylation occurs

A

Substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation

40
Q

Substrate level phosophrlation

A

Energy from molecule with high energe PO4 used to make ATP (Takes place in glycolicis and TCA (krebs) cycle)

Basically a molecule with an extra phosphate donates it’s phosphate to ADP (Enzymes act to reduce energy necessary to break the bonds and donate the phosphate)

Results in ATP and carbon skeleton chain

41
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Oxidations releases high energy electrons to form NADH and FADH
High energy electrons release energy in the electron transport chain

  • generates proton gradient
  • Proton gradient rives phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
42
Q

What is carbohydrate catabolism

A

The way that cellular respiration releases energy by breakdown of carbs through three pathways (in presence of O2)

43
Q

Where do the three respiration pathways occur in a eukaryotic cell

A

Glycolysis (Cytoplasm)
Krebs (Mitochondria)
Electron Transport (Mitochondria)

44
Q

Which forms of cellular respiration do prokaryotic cells perform?

A

All three
Use compartments to carry them out

45
Q

Proton gradient

A

The inner membrane moves high energy protons into inter membrane via intermembrane protein (given energy by the NADH) (Dam illustration) space providing energy

46
Q

What drives phosphorylation of ADP to ATP?

A

Proton gradient

47
Q

What are the products of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvic acid (2 C-3)
ALSO generates 2 ATP (NET GAIN)
AND 2 NADH

48
Q

Why is glycolysis an incomplete oxitation?

A

Does not result in CO2

49
Q

What product is required for the intermediate step bw Glycolysis and Krebs cycle

A

Pyruvic Acid

1 Glucose > 2 Pyruvic Acid > 2 Acetyl CoA

50
Q

What occurs in Krebs Cycle

A

Acetyl CoA completely oxidized to CO2 (&NADH)
Forms some ATP in the process

51
Q

Products of electron transport chain

A

oxidization NADH and FADH
- Electrons eventually passed to O2
Energy released used to create a pron gradient
Pron gradient drives the synthessis of ATP by chemiosmosis

52
Q

chemiosmosis

A

as electrons flow through the elcontron transport chain, protons are pumped into inermembrane, and that gradient is used to synthesise ATP

53
Q

How many ATP produced by NADH in ETC?

A

3

54
Q

How many ATP produced by FADH2 in ETC?

A

2

55
Q

Total ATP produced from complete oxidation of one glucose via aerobic respiration

A

38

56
Q

How much ATP produced in the absence of O2 (from one glucose)

A

2 ATP (Only from glycolysis)

57
Q

What is the final electron receptor in ETC?

A

O2

58
Q

Scientific defenition of fermentation

A

Release of energy from oxidation organic molecules that does not require oxygen and does not use the Krebs cycle or electron transport chain (ETC)

59
Q

Purpose of fermentation

A

Still need to produce energy when lacking oxygen
Where in the cell does fermentation take place (in the cytosol)

60
Q

Characteristics of fermentation

A

Does not require oxygen
Does not use Krebs cycle or ETC
Does not completely break down sugars

61
Q

Two major types of fermentation

A

ALcoholic fermentation: produces ethanol +CO2 (biproducts)

Lactic acid fermentation” Produces lactic acid

Homolactic fermentation: produces lactic acid only

Hererolactic fermentation: prodces lactic acid and other compounds

62
Q

Role ATP

A

Captures energy from catabolic reactions to be used for anabolic reactions

63
Q

Oxidation is

A

the loss of an electron

64
Q

What is an example of a product in it’s reduced state?

A

formed from accepting of an electron and is considered to be in its reduced state.

65
Q

Phosphorylation put simply

A

The addition of a phos[hate

66
Q

How do each of the three systems of cellular respiration synthesize ATP?

A

Glycolysis: Substrate level phosphorylation

Krebs Cycle: Substrate Level Phosphorylation

ETC: Oxidative phosphorylation

67
Q

Where does the final electron accepter (O2) come from in ETC?

A

Outside the cell

68
Q

Simplify Glycolysis

A

oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid with the production of some ATP and energy-containing NADH.

69
Q

Simplify Krebs Cycle

A

oxidation of acetyl (a derivative of pyruvic acid) to carbon dioxide, with the production of some ATP, energy-containing NADH, and another reduced electron carrier, FADH2, (the reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide).

70
Q

Simplify the electron transport chain system

A

NADH and are oxidized, contributing the electrons they have carried from the substrates to a “cascade” of oxidation-reduction reactions involving a series of additional electron carriers. Energy from these reactions is used to generate a considerable amount of ATP. In respiration, most of the ATP is generated in the third step.

71
Q

Useful analogy for respiration mechanisms

A

you could imagine a stream flowing down a gentle slope during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, supplying energy to turn two old-fashioned waterwheels. Then the stream rushes down a steep slope in the electron transport chain, supplying energy for a large modern power plant. In a similar way, glycolysis and the Krebs cycle generate a small amount of ATP and also supply the electrons that generate a great deal of ATP at the electron transport chain stage.

72
Q

What is different about fermentation compared to respiration

A

Both begin with glycolysis, however, fermentation uses the subsequent pyruvic acid which is converted into one or more different products, depending on the type of cell.

These products might include alcohol (ethanol) and lactic acid. Unlike respiration, there is no Krebs cycle or electron transport chain in fermentation. Accordingly, the ATP yield, which comes only from glycolysis, is much lower.

73
Q

Does Glycolysis require O2

A

No

74
Q

Net production of ATP from Glycolysis

A

2 ATP

75
Q

What else occurs in Glycolysis other than ATP production

A

NAD is reduced to NADH

76
Q

How many ATP are involved in Glycolysis

A

2 to get it started, produces 4

77
Q

What does the intermediate step exist to do?

A

Convert pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA ad CO2 via oxidization

78
Q

Primary function of Krebs cycle

A

Acetyl CoA completely oxidized to CO2 (and NADH)

79
Q

Where is the ETC located in prokaryotess vs eukaryotes

A

Inner cell membrane for pros
Inner mitochondrial membrane for euks

80
Q

Why wouldn’t FAD and NAD appear in a reaction equation?

A

because all of the NAD+ and FAD that enter into the reactions are oxidized back to their original form when they give up their electrons.

81
Q

How many turns does it take the Kreb cycle to process pyruvic acid?

A

t takes two “turns” of the Krebs cycle to process the pyruvic acid molecules resulting from the glycolysis of one glucose molecule.

82
Q

What enables the cyclical nature of the krebs cycle

A

The oxaloacetic acid that accepts the acetyl group is regenerated

83
Q

A toxin that causes a leak to form in the inner mitochondrial membrane such that protons could bypass the ATP synthase would prevent

A

oxidative phosphorylation.

84
Q

Final electron recepotr for cellular respiriation is always

A

O2

85
Q
A

BIO233 (18 decks)

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