Immune system II Flashcards
Adaptive immunity
Specific defenses of the host cell
Requirements for special immunity
Must recognize the pathogen
Must be able to destroy the pathogen
Nust remember OG pathogen after long time has elapsed
Must discriminate bw self and non-self cells
How does diabetes 1 work
Body attacks insulin producing cells
Antigen
substance that stimuleate body to produce specific antibodies or sensitive T cells
Antibody
Proteins made in response to antigen, can combine specifically with that antigen
Complement
Serum proteins that bind and antibody and help in antigen antibody reaction (and cell lysisi)
Serology
the study of reactions bw antigen and antibodies
Antiserum
: Genetic term for serum bc it contains antibodies
Globulins
serum proteins (foudn in the serum)
Immunoglobins
Another name for antibodies
How many classes of antibodies
5`
Leukocytes
general term for WBCs including (neutrophils, macrphoges, luymphocuytes etc.)
Lymphocytes
Part of leukocoyte that participate in adaptive immunity (Bcells and Tcells)
Where are lymphocytes produced
All lymphocytes produced from lymphoid stem cells in bone marrow
Stem cells
undiffereientiated cells (potential to differentiate into different kinds of cells) = unprogrammed cells
How is leukemia treated
Leukemia (cells creating blood are cancerous, therefore they need a bone marrow transplant so that they can receive “rogrammable cells”
Where do B cells mature
Bone marrow
Where do T cells mature
Thymus
What do B cells produce
Antibodies
What do T cells produce
Cell mediated defense
What part of an antigen do lymphocytes recognize and bind to?
Epitope
How many kinds of antigens can T cells and B cells bind to
Only recongize ONE type of antigen
Which part of a virus is the epitope
different components of the virus can serve as eopitopes
Spike protein, membrane, envelope, nucleocapsid etc.
What is the B-Cell antigen recepotr
(actually an antibody impeded into the membrane)
Y shaped with two identical heavy chains
Three regions of all B-cell receptors
Transmembrane region: anchors receptor into plasma membrane of B-Cell
Constant regions: Identical across receptors, vary little among B cells
Variable regions: The parts of the receptors that differe greatly among B cells and provide antigen specificity
What occurs when a B cell bidns to and antigen
it is activated to
Proliferates (Divides into many other identical clone B-cells that recgnize the same epitopes)
Differentiates into plasma and memory cells
Plasma cells
ntiates into plasma and memory cells
Plasma cells (B-cells without receptors[imbedded antibodies]): produce free antibodies (b-cell receoptrs that lack transmembrane region)
Antibodies circulate, recognize, and bind to circulating antigens (viruses, bacteria, toxins etc.)
Memory Cells
Memory cells: Cells that will live for a long time in circulation (remember the antigen)
CLonal selection
An activated B-Cell proliferates into clone of cells in response to an encounter with an antigen
Activated B cells differentiate into
Antibody producing plasma cells
Long lived memory cells (All clone cells recognize this antigen)
How many antigens of one type can a B cell recognize
10 to the 15
5 classes of antibodies
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
Produced as monomer
80% of all antibodies
Enhances phagocytosis (opsinization)
Causes greater immune response upon secondary exposure
IgM
Pentamer (5 antibodies held together into this large structure)
First antibodies produces in initial response to infection
(consisten in secondary and initial exposure)
IgA
Two antibodies joined together
Found in secretions (mucous, saliva, milk, tears)
Provide localized protection in these specific areas
IgE
Binds to mast cells causing the release of histamines during inflammation
Cellular immune respnose mediated by
T cells
The reocognition of antigens by T cell requries
Sn stigen presenting cell to process them first
What do cytoxic T cells use to kill altered cells
Perforin, a pore forming protein
Which response do helper T cells aid in
Humoral and cellular immune esponse
Helper T cell actived by
Activated by two signals
The binding of T cell receptor to a processed antigen and a costimulatory cytokine
Cell responsivle for enanced secondary response to antigen and is produced vvia clonal selection and differentiation of B cells
Memory Cell
B cell becomes activated when
When it’s immunoglobuns bind to its specific epitotpe and, in order to be actived, it may require assistance via helper T cells
Molecule composed of protein chains that form a complex with antigens, serving to tag foreign cells for destruction by phagocytees and complement
Antibodies
Cell used for adaptive immune response to a helminth
TH2 cells
Cell used for adaptive immune response to intracellular bacteria and protozoa
TH1
Cell used for adaptive immune response to a Fungi and extracellular bacteria
TH17
This type of immunity is acquired via injection of antibodies from an individual or host that has immunological memory to the specific pathogen or antigen.
artificially acquired passive immunity
naturally acquired passive immunity
This type of immunity is acquired via the passing of antibodies from a mother to a child to give immunity during the development of the child’s immune system.
Which organelle assists directly with the presentation of MHC-I antigens?
ER
When does MHC-II loading occur?
*
During the fusion of vesicles containing MHC-II proteins with vesicles containing digested pathogens
Can macrophages present antigens on class II MHC proteins
Yes
What is the function of the CD8 receptor?
Bind to MHC molecules
What is the fate of activated cytotoxic T-cells?
They proliferate into a clone of cells specific to the same antigen; some of these cells then differentiate into long-lived memory T-cells, while others mature to attack infected cells.
Which molecule triggers apoptosis?
Granzyme
Which event happens first during cytotoxic T-cell activation?
CD8 binds to MHC molecules of infected cells
What is produced by the process of clonal expansion?
Plasma cells and memory B cells
An antigen that is potent enough to activate a B cell on its own is known as
T-independent antigens.
How can a sufficient humoral immune response occur if a plasma cell only lives for a few days?
Each plasma cell can produce up to 2000 antibodies every second.
Antibodies are a part of which type of immunity?
Humoral
on which day does the production of IgG occur in the secondary response?
Day five
Which cells are involved in a secondary response?
Memory B cells and plasma cells
An anamnestic response is
another name for secondary response.
characteristics of an adaptive immune response?
Specific
Memory
Clonal
Inducible
Why are Glycoproteins more effective antigens compared to other molecules
Glycoproteins contain a variety of shapes and subunits that contribute to the overall complexity of the molecule.
characteristics of MHCII molecules in mounting the antibody response?
found on APC, present exogenous antigens, activate T helper cells
role of T helper cells in mounting the antibody response.
T helper cells aid the antibody response by binding to the B cell MHCII/protein complex and secreting cytokines like IL-4.
Steps in generating antibodies
Dendtiric cells process antigen
Dendritc cells present antigen
T helper cells recognize MHCII antigen complex on dentric cell
Stimulated by cytokines - Helper T cells differentiate into TH2 cells
B cells are activated after interacting with TH2 cells
B cell differntiate into memory and plasma cells
Tumor necrosis factor — stimulate tumor metastasis
a correct match?
No
Which cytokines are believed to contribute to autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis?
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
definition of epitopes?
Specific regions on antigens that interact with antibodies
In addition to IgG, the antibodies that can induce the activation of the complement system are ________.
IgM
Which disease NOT part of infant vaccine schedule
Smallpox
Ways to administer vaccine
Orally, intranasally, injection
A vaccine that is made up of weakened or damaged microbes is called _____.
Attentuated
Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease?
Attenuated live vaccine
Hallmark of conjugated vaccine
These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein.
The influenza vaccine is an example of a(n)
inactivated killed vaccine.
The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine?
Subunit
Jenner’s contribution to the development of vaccinations?
He demonstrated that inoculating people with crusts from cowpox lesions protected them from smallpox infection.
possible recombinant technologies that could have been used to generate the vaccine?
One of the viral virulence genes was deleted, creating a viral strain with decreased virulence.
A recombinant viral particle was created to express a particular antigen.
Examples of basic types of vaccine
nucleic acid vaccines
subunit vaccine
live, attenuated vaccine
immunologic-based diagnostic test
agglutination reactions
fluorescent-antibody techniques
precipitation reactions
Are antibodies used to produce vaccines?
No
Why is it necessary to give the HPV vaccine in multiple doses?
The HPV vaccine does not replicate in the host.
Haemophilus capsule polysaccharide plus diphtheria toxoid is a(n) ________ vaccine.
Conjugated
Dead Bordetella pertussis can be used to synthesize ________ vaccine.
inactivated whole-agent
An antigen that is potent enough to activate a B cell on its own is known as
T-independent antigens.
CTL
Cytoxic T Lymphocyte
A vaccine against HIV proteins made by genetially engineered vaccina virus that has infected a eukaryotic cell is a
Subunit vaccine
The presence of which antibody indicates a current infection rather than a previous infection or vaccination?
IgM
Margination
Adherance of phagocytes to lining of BVs
Neutrophils attracted to the site of injury squeexze through the walls of the blood vessels in a process called
emigration
How do phagocytes use lysozymes to optimize interactions with microorganisms
They do not
Neutrophils with dfective lysosomes are unable to
digest invading pathogens
The swelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid goes
into the lymph capillaries
