Week 1

Question 1

When does the primordial gut tube develop?

Answer 1

The fourth week of human development.

Question 2

what is the primordial gut tube derived from?

Answer 2

endoderm lining the yolk sac

Question 3

the primordial gut tube is divided into which three parts?

Answer 3

forgeut, midgut and hindgut

Question 4

del

Answer 4

del

Question 5

how long is the oesophagus?

Answer 5

25cm

Question 6

what are the three oesophagus constrictions?

Answer 6

cervical
thoracic
diaphragmatic

Question 7

describe the cervical (pharyngo-oesophageal) constriciton

Answer 7

15cm from incisor teeth

Question 8

describe the diaphragmatic oesophagus constriciton?

Answer 8

where it passes through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm - 40cm from incisor teeth

Question 9

label this stomach

Answer 9

Question 10

what are the parts of the stomach?

Answer 10

cardia
fundus
body
pyloric part

Question 11

what are the curvatures of the stomach called?

Answer 11

lesser and greater curvatures

Question 12

what is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

Answer 12

controls discharge of stomach contents into the duodenum

Question 13

what do bile ducts do?

Answer 13

carry bile from the liver to gallbladder

Question 14

how much bile can the gallbladder store?

Answer 14

up to 50ml

Question 15

describe the artery of the gallbladder?

Answer 15

Cystic artery is a branch of right hepatic artery and lies in the triangle of calot (triangle between common hepatic duct and visceral surface of the liver).

Question 16

describe the exocrine and endocrine function of the pancreas in digestion

Answer 16

exocrine- pancreatic juice.
endocrine- insulin and glucagon.

Question 17

what plane does the pancreas lie along?

Answer 17

the transpyloric plane (LI/L2)

Question 18

WHAT IS THE FOREGUT BLOOD SUPPLY COMPOSED OF? and what are its branches and their areas of supply?

Answer 18

CELIAC TRUNK BRANCHES:
1) left gastic artery - runs along lesser curvature of the stomach
2) hepatic artery - supplies liver and gallbladder
3) splenic artery - supplies head of pancreas and spleen.

Question 19

midgut structures

Answer 19

small intestine, including most of duodenum.
cecum
appendic
ascending colon
right half to two-thirds of the transverse colon

Question 20

describe the duodenum

Answer 20

shortest, widest and most fixed part of small intestine.
its second part receives bile duct and pancreatic duct

Question 21

what causes a duodenal ulcer?

Answer 21

inflammatory erosions of the duodenal wall (mostly 1st part)

Question 22

describe the blood supply of the midgut

Answer 22

superior mesenteric artery (L1)

main branches: jejunal and ileal arteries

other branches: middle colic, right colic and iliocolic

Question 23

what structures compose the hindgut?

Answer 23

left one-thirs of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and upper part of anal canal

epithelium of the urinary bladder and most of the urethra

inferior mesenteric artery

Question 24

del

Answer 24

del

Question 25

what is macburney's point?

Answer 25

site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicities.

Question 26

what artery supplies the hindgut? what vertebral level does it originate? and what are its branches?

Answer 26

inferior mesenteric artery (L3) BRANCHES: left colic, sigmoid arteries and superior rectal artery.

Question 27

what is the terminal branch of the inferior mesenteric artery called?

Answer 27

superior rectal artery

Question 28

what nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to the abdominal organs?

Answer 28

vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2, S3 & S4).

Question 29

describe the sympathetic (T5-L2 OR L4) innvervation of abdominal organs

Answer 29

abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater T5-T9, lesser T10-T11, and least T12). PARAVERTEBRAL SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA abdominal aortic plexus

Question 30

what vein allows drainage of abdominal GI tract

Answer 30

portal vein

Question 31

portal vein function

Answer 31

transport venous blood from the spleen, pancreas, gall bladder and abdmonal part of the GI tract

Question 32

how is the portal vein formed?

Answer 32

by the union of splenic vein with the superior mesenteric vein.

Question 33

where is the portal vein located?

Answer 33

Behing the neck of pancreas (L2 vertebral level

Question 34

what are portocaval shunts?

Answer 34

venous enlargements (varices) during portal obstruction

Question 35

what portocaval shunt occurs in the anorectal junction?

Answer 35

haemorrhoids

Question 36

what portocaval shunt occurs in the gastroeosophageal junction?

Answer 36

eosophageal varices

Question 37

what portocaval shunt occurs at the umbilicus?

Answer 37

caput medusae

Question 38

describe the lymphatic drainage of GI tract/abdomen

Answer 38

thoracic duct recieves most of the lymph from abdominal walls and abdominal organs

Question 39

at which vertebral levels does the oesophagus begin and end

Answer 39

It originates at the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage (C6) and extends to the cardiac orifice of the stomach (T11).

Question 40

oesophageal constriction acronym

Answer 40

ABCD arch of aorta bronchus (left main stem) cricoid cartilage diaphragmatic hiatus

Question 41

Label this A-F

Answer 41

A= DIAPHRAGM B= LEFT SUPRARENAL GLAND C= LEFT RENAL VEIN D= IVC E= ABDOMINAL AORTA F= LEFT KIDNEY