The Foregut Flashcards
where does the foregut run from and to?
runs from oesophagus to the major duodenal papilla.
what are the 3 oesophageal constrictions called?
- cervical.
- thoracic.
- diaphragmatic.
in which mediastinum is the oesophagus located?
superior mediastinum
at which vertebral level is the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm?
T10
what are the other structures which pass through the diaphragm at the oesophageal opening?
- oesophagus
- left vagus nerve
- right vagus nerve
- small oesophageal arteries
what is the blood supply of the abdominal oesophagus?
- left gastric artery
- inferior phrenic artery
what is the venous drainage of the abdominal oesophagus?
- portal system via left gastric vein
- systemic via azygous vein
what is the lymphatic drainage of the abdominal oesophagus?
left gastric lymph nodes
the lesser omentum extends from the … to the…
lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
th greater omentum extends from the… to the…
greater curvature of stomach to anterior surface of transverse colon.
the pyloric sphincter is formed from the thickening of which layer of gut tube?
muscularis externa
what are the gastric folds/rugae formed from?
layers of mucosa and submucosa
in which parts of the stomach are the rugae most apparent?
body
pylorus
name the three branches of the coeliac trunk
- splenic a
- common hepatic a
- left gastric a
label the arteries
unlabelled = right gastric artery
what are the four main veins draining the stomach? and what do they drain into?
- left gastric vein > hepatic portal vein.
- right gastric vein > hepatic portal vein.
- left gastro-omental vein > splenic vein > hepatic portal vein.
- right gastro-omental vein > superior mesenteric vein > hepatic portal vein.
all the lymph nodes of the stomach drain to which central group of nodes?
gastric lymph nodes drain into coeliac group
describe the parasympathetic nerve supply of the stomach
- anterior and posterior vagal trunks.
describe the sympathetic nerve supply of the stomach
T6-T9 spinal cord segments via the greater splanchnic nerve.
what is the effect of increased vagal stimulation on the pylorus and on gastric secretion?
- pylorus > relaxation of pylorus.
- gastric secretion > increased.
how many parts does the duodenum have?
4
what organ sits within the C shape of the duodenum?
pancreas
how is the duodenum peritonised?
D1 is intraperitoneal whereas D2-D4 are retro.
what is the small opening in the duodenum where pancreatic and bile fluids enter the gut tube called?
major duodenal papilla
what two structures come together at the major duodenal papilla? and what does this form?
- common bile duct
- pancreatic duct
- ampulla of Vater
what is the sphincter that controls the opening of the major duodenal papilla called?
sphincter of Oddi
the extrahepatic biliary apparatus consists of what?
- cystic duct
- common hepatic duct
- common bile duct
- pancreatic duct
- gallbladder
label the biliary apparatus
where is bile produced?
liver
where is bile stored and concentrated?
gallbladder
where does bile enter the gut tube?
major duodenal papilla
what is the function of bile?
digestion and emulsification of fat
what structure enters the minor duodenal papilla?
accessory pancreatic duct
how is the pancreas peritonised?
retroperitoneal except for the tail
which vein is formed posterior to the neck of the pancreas?
splenic vein and SMV join to form the hepatic portal vein
how is the spleen peritonised?
intraperitoneal
in which region of the abdominal cavity is the spleen located?
left hypochondriac region
does the spleen move with respiration?
no
name the structures in the hilum of the spleen
splenic artery
splenic vein
lymph and nerves
the tail of which organ is closely related to the hilum of the spleen?
pancreas
what are the functions of the spleen?
storgae of RBCs
blood filter
immune response
phagocytosis
