The Foregut

Question 1

where does the foregut run from and to?

Answer 1

runs from oesophagus to the major duodenal papilla.

Question 2

what are the 3 oesophageal constrictions called?

Answer 2

• cervical.
• thoracic.
• diaphragmatic.

Question 3

in which mediastinum is the oesophagus located?

Answer 3

superior mediastinum

Question 4

at which vertebral level is the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm?

Answer 4

T10

Question 5

what are the other structures which pass through the diaphragm at the oesophageal opening?

Answer 5

• oesophagus
• left vagus nerve
• right vagus nerve
• small oesophageal arteries

Question 6

what is the blood supply of the abdominal oesophagus?

Answer 6

• left gastric artery
• inferior phrenic artery

Question 7

what is the venous drainage of the abdominal oesophagus?

Answer 7

• portal system via left gastric vein
• systemic via azygous vein

Question 8

what is the lymphatic drainage of the abdominal oesophagus?

Answer 8

left gastric lymph nodes

Question 9

the lesser omentum extends from the … to the…

Answer 9

lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

Question 10

th greater omentum extends from the… to the…

Answer 10

greater curvature of stomach to anterior surface of transverse colon.

Question 11

the pyloric sphincter is formed from the thickening of which layer of gut tube?

Answer 11

muscularis externa

Question 12

what are the gastric folds/rugae formed from?

Answer 12

layers of mucosa and submucosa

Question 13

in which parts of the stomach are the rugae most apparent?

Answer 13

body
pylorus

Question 14

name the three branches of the coeliac trunk

Answer 14

• splenic a
• common hepatic a
• left gastric a

Question 15

label the arteries

Answer 15

unlabelled = right gastric artery

Question 16

what are the four main veins draining the stomach? and what do they drain into?

Answer 16

• left gastric vein > hepatic portal vein.
• right gastric vein > hepatic portal vein.
• left gastro-omental vein > splenic vein > hepatic portal vein.
• right gastro-omental vein > superior mesenteric vein > hepatic portal vein.

Question 17

all the lymph nodes of the stomach drain to which central group of nodes?

Answer 17

gastric lymph nodes drain into coeliac group

Question 18

describe the parasympathetic nerve supply of the stomach

Answer 18

• anterior and posterior vagal trunks.

Question 19

describe the sympathetic nerve supply of the stomach

Answer 19

T6-T9 spinal cord segments via the greater splanchnic nerve.

Question 20

what is the effect of increased vagal stimulation on the pylorus and on gastric secretion?

Answer 20

• pylorus > relaxation of pylorus.
• gastric secretion > increased.

Question 21

how many parts does the duodenum have?

Answer 21

4

Question 22

what organ sits within the C shape of the duodenum?

Answer 22

pancreas

Question 23

how is the duodenum peritonised?

Answer 23

D1 is intraperitoneal whereas D2-D4 are retro.

Question 24

what is the small opening in the duodenum where pancreatic and bile fluids enter the gut tube called?

Answer 24

major duodenal papilla

Question 25

what two structures come together at the major duodenal papilla? and what does this form?

Answer 25

- common bile duct - pancreatic duct - ampulla of Vater

Question 26

what is the sphincter that controls the opening of the major duodenal papilla called?

Answer 26

sphincter of Oddi

Question 27

the extrahepatic biliary apparatus consists of what?

Answer 27

- cystic duct - common hepatic duct - common bile duct - pancreatic duct - gallbladder

Question 28

label the biliary apparatus

Answer 28

Question 29

where is bile produced?

Answer 29

liver

Question 31

where is bile stored and concentrated?

Answer 31

gallbladder

Question 32

where does bile enter the gut tube?

Answer 32

major duodenal papilla

Question 33

what is the function of bile?

Answer 33

digestion and emulsification of fat

Question 34

what structure enters the minor duodenal papilla?

Answer 34

accessory pancreatic duct

Question 35

how is the pancreas peritonised?

Answer 35

retroperitoneal except for the tail

Question 36

which vein is formed posterior to the neck of the pancreas?

Answer 36

splenic vein and SMV join to form the hepatic portal vein

Question 37

how is the spleen peritonised?

Answer 37

intraperitoneal

Question 38

in which region of the abdominal cavity is the spleen located?

Answer 38

left hypochondriac region

Question 39

does the spleen move with respiration?

Answer 39

no

Question 40

name the structures in the hilum of the spleen

Answer 40

splenic artery splenic vein lymph and nerves

Question 41

the tail of which organ is closely related to the hilum of the spleen?

Answer 41

pancreas

Question 42

what are the functions of the spleen?

Answer 42

storgae of RBCs blood filter immune response phagocytosis