week 1 Flashcards
define health
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
define wellness
dynamic state of health in which an individual actively progresses toward a higher level of functioning, achieving an optimal balance between internal & external environments
define health promotion & example
activities that help persons maintain or enhance their present level of health and reduce their risk of developing certain disease
ex: exercise
define disease
malfunctioning or maladaptation of biological or psychological processes (must be diagnosed by a health professional to be a disease)
define illness
abnormal process in which any aspect of a person’s functioning is diminished or impaired compared with their condition
acute illness & example
short duration & severe
ex: influenza
chronic illness & example
persist longer than 6 months
ex: COPD
define risk factor
any internal or external variable that makes a person or group more vulnerable to illness or an unhealthy event
define illness prevention & example
health education programs or activities directed toward protecting patients from threats or potential threats to health and minimizing risk factors
ex: annual physical exam
define adverse event & example
an injury caused by care delivered that delays discharge and/or results in disability
ex: pt falls & a traumatic brain injury occurs
patient safety: environmental safety
-side rails up
-bed in lowest position
-bed wheels locked
-call light within reach
-adequate lighting
-personal items within reach
-floor clear of clutter
-mobility aids within reach
-patient comfortable
-fall precaution identifiers
-oxygen equipment connected & working
-ambu bag nearby
subjective vs objective data
subjective: symptom →anything verbal the pt says
objective: sign →anything you can hear, see, smell, or touch (observed)
primary vs secondary source
primary: patient
secondary: anything or anyone else besides the pt
what do medical doctors do compared to nurses in regards to disease
medical doctor: diagnosis a disease
nurse: how the medical diagnosis is affecting the pt
techniques of physical assessment & describe
- inspection →look, listen, & smell
- palpation →touch
- percussion →tap w/ fingertips for sound
- auscultation →listening to body sounds
what is the diaphragm & bell used for?
diaphragm →high frequency (lung & heart)
bell →low frequency (blood vessels)
signs and symptoms may be _____ for older adults
subtle
define colonization
presence & growth of microorganisms within a host but without tissue invasion or damage
define infection
the invasion of a susceptible host by pathogens or microorganisms, resulting in disease
define infectious disease
communicable & transmissible
what is a Health Care Associated Infection (HAIS) & example
any type of infection that was sustained in the hospital
ex: leaving a catheter in which can lead to uti
just because you are exposed to an infection does that mean you are going to get it?
no
best way to break the chain of infection?
hand hygiene, PPE, and vaccine screening
asepsis vs medical asepsis
asepsis: absence of pathogenic microorganisms
medical asepsis: reduce but do not eliminate transmission of disease-causing microorganisms
universal precautions (1985) & what doesn’t apply to this?
prevent the transmission of bloodborne pathogens from exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials (semen, vaginal secretions, saliva, bodily fluids, HIV)
does not apply to sputum, feces, sweat, emesis, urine, & nasal secretions
standard precautions (1996)
prevent and control infection and its spread to all persons with every bodily fluid EXCEPT sweat may contain transmissible infectious agents
when do we wash our hands with soap and water?
-hands are visibly dirty
-exposure to C. diff
-exposure to infectious diarrhea
-exposure to Bacillus anthracis
-before eating
-after using the restroom
donning sequence
-gown
-mask
-goggles
-gloves
doffing sequence
-gloves
-googles
-gown
-mask
contact precautions & examples where we would use this
direct patient or environmental contact
ex: infectious wound (MRSA) surface area, C. diff, VRE
droplet precautions & examples where we would use this
respiratory tract transmission over short distance (3 ft)
ex: influenza & meningitis
airborne precautions & examples where we would use this
remains in the air longer, infective over time and greater distance
ex: SARS, tuberculosis
protective environment & examples where we would use this
limited patient population
immunocompromised, bone transplant, & cancer
negative pressure room: prevent microbes inside from outside
positive pressure room: prevent microbes outside to inside
intrapersonal vs interpersonal
intrapersonal: say about yourself
interpersonal: one on one
small group vs public vs electronic
small group: limited # of people
public: wider audience →community event
electronic: email, charting, contacting physicians
nurse-patient relationship phases
-pre-interaction: chart
-orientation: meet & get to know each other
-working: solve problems
-termination
active listening: SOLER
sit facing the pt
open position
lean toward the patient
eye contact
relax
empathy vs sympathy example
empathy: “im so sorry that must be devastating”
sympathy: “im so sorry”
two important therapeutic communication techniques that are almost opposites of each other
touch & silence
aphasia vs dysarthria
aphasia = lost their ability to understand or express speech as a result of brain damage
dysarthria = difficulty physically speaking but pt can understand you
how to help communication with a pt who is hearing impaired, vision loss, unresponsive, & language barrier
hearing impaired = use lots of body language
vision loss = bigger print & identify each step
unresponsive = talk normally with normal tone
language = get interpreter
