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Weather Briefing Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Charter Pilot (Part 135) - Oral flashcards
1
Q

Where does FF gets it weather information from?

A

National Weather Service

TAF- human
MOS- model
Daily- the weather channel

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2
Q

What are the two types of NOTAMS?

A

NOTAM (D)
Usually not included in a weather briefing unless specifically requested, NOTAM (D) outlines all local and distant (D) NOTAMs for all navigational facilities, public use airports, seaports, and heliports in the U.S. Chart supplement. For example, information regarding runway closures or obstructions can be found in this NOTAM.

FDC NOTAM
FDC, or Flight Data Center NOTAMs outline changes to instrument approach procedures and airways within the U.S. The next time you’re flying IFR, you should be checking them before you go.

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3
Q

METAR

A

Issued every 60min for local weather, but usually more frequent.

Meteorological Aerodrome Report

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4
Q

TAF

A

5 SM from airport,
issued 4Xs per day
valid for 24-30 hrs.

Terminal Aerodrome Forecast

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5
Q

Surface Prog Chart

A

Computer generated w/ frontal and pressure analysis

Provide snapshot for cross country flights

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6
Q

AIRMET

A

Bad news for small GA planes

An AIRMET is a weather advisory for pilots that alerts them to potential hazards in the air. The acronym “AIRMET” stands for “Airmen’s Meteorological Information.”

AIRMET SIERRA (Instrument Flight Rules or Mountain Obscuration): mountain obscuration or ceilings less than 1000 feet or visibility less than 3 miles affecting more than 50% of the stated area at one time

AIRMET TANGO (Turbulence): moderate turbulence, or continuous surface winds of 30 knots or more, or non-convective low−level wind shear.

AIRMET ZULU (Icing): moderate icing (AIRMET ZULU also provides freezing-level heights.)

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7
Q

What is a weather depiction chart?

A

Plots Wx, vis, sky cover, & ceiling height

8Xs per day (1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, & 22)

Comes from NWS

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8
Q

What are the different types of fog?

A

Small temp/ dew point spreads… w/in 5 deg C

Radiation fog- forms when the ground cools to cool the air to the dew point, burns off in the morning, best conditions clear sky, no wind, high humidity

Advection fog- moist air moves over cooler ground or water, most common along the coast

Steam fog- cold and dry air moves over warm water, common during cold winter months over bodies of water

Upslope fog- moist, stable air moves up along terrain, it cools causing fog (common reason for Airmet Sierra)

Precipitation fog- warm rain falls through cool air, precipitation saturates the cool air, dense and long-lasting

Freezing fog- tiny droplets of water are supercooling in the air, needs to be very cold for freezing fog to form, ~15 deg F or cooler

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9
Q

Difference between AWOS, ATIS, and ASOS?

A

ATIS- human data, arrival, departing info updated hourly or when required

AWOS & ASOS- automated and provide realtime weather

AWOS- minute weather, FAA

ASOS- NOAA (not FAA),

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10
Q

AWOS-?

A

A- Altimeter
AV- Visibility & altimeter
-1 -wind, temp & dewpoint, altimeter, & DA
-2 - -1 + visibility
-3 - same as above, but reported as pertinent

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11
Q

ASOS contains

A

Wind, vis, temp/ dew point, altimeter, and DA

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12
Q

Stages of a thunderstorm?

A

Unstable air, lifting force, high moisture

Developing -updraft, build cumulus clouds building

Mature -turbulent conditions and wind shear, begin precip

Dissipating -severe downdrafts and heavy rainfall

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13
Q

How far do you stay away from a t-storm?

A

20 miles

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14
Q

What hazards do pilots face in LLWS or microburst?

A

Loss of lift

LLWS- take 1/2 gust factor to add to approach speed

Microburst downdrafts… full throttle and gradually but quickly pull full nose up

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15
Q

How do you know if the t-storm is in the mature stage?

A

Precip begins

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16
Q

What do we need for ice to form?

A

Temperature (0- -20 C), moisture, and droplet size

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17
Q

What do FDC NOTAM (flight data center) cover?

A

Regulatory changes, changes in instrument approach procedures,

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18
Q

What are NOTAM Ds?

A

Gives information about airports and airport facilities, temp outages, runways closed, etc

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19
Q

How do you receive NOTAMs w/ short effective period?

A

Receive w/ weather briefing

If longer, Notices to Airmen Publication (NTAP)

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20
Q

Where do you most likely encounter wind shear?

A

Temperature inversions
Fronts
Convective activity

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21
Q

Pilot math: Ground speed x 5 gives you..

A

~FPM to stay on a 3 deg glide path

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22
Q

during departure, under conditions of suspected low-level wind shear, a sudden decrease in headwind will cause

A

A loss in airspeed equal to the decrease in wind velocity

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23
Q

Light turbulence

A

Slight, erratic changes in altitude and/or attitude

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24
Q

Moderate turbulence

A

Changes in altitude and/or attitude occur but the aircraft remains in positive controls at all times

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25
Q

Severe turbulence

A

Large, abrupt changes in altitude and/or attitude.

It usually causes large variations in indicated airspeed.

Airplane could be momentarily out of control

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26
Q

Extreme turbulence

A

Aircraft is violently tossed about and is practically impossible to control

May cause structural damage

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27
Q

What is the standard lapse rate?

A

3.5 deg F / 2 deg C per 1000’

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28
Q

What is the standard air temp/ pressure at sea level?

A

15 deg C / 59 deg F

1013.2 mb / 29.92 Hg (inches of mercury)

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29
Q

The temp decrease w/ altitude continues until you reach the… and what altitude is the Tropopause…

A

Tropopause and 32k’

*the temp stops decreasing w/ altitude after the tropopause

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30
Q

What is the physical process of weather?

A

Result of a heat exchange

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31
Q

What creates wind?

A

Caused by pressure differences
High press to low press

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32
Q

What is a high pressure?

A

Air cools and then descends
Turns clockwise
Circulation- outward, Down and then out, clockwise

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33
Q

What is a low pressure?

A

Call a cyclone caused by coriolis force (counter clockwise circulation)
Turns counter clockwise
Circulation- Inward, upward, and counterclockwise

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34
Q

What does the coriolis force prevent?

A

Prevents air from flowing directly from high to low pressure

Counterbalancing the horizontal pressure gradient b/c wind turns to flow parallel to the isobars (once above surface friction)

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35
Q

What wind direction will you have flying into a lower pressure area?

A

Continuous left crosswind flying towards unfavorable weather

Closer to the center the higher the wind velocity

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36
Q

In the northern hemisphere, the wind is deflected to the

A

Right by Corilis force

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37
Q

Why does the wind have a tendency to flow parallel to the isobars above the friction level?

A

Coriolis force tends to counterbalance the horizontal pressure gradient

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38
Q

What prevents air from flowing directly from high pressure areas to low-pressure areas?

A

Coriolis force

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39
Q

Convective currents are most active on warm summer afternoons when the winds are

A

Light

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40
Q

In the development of convective circulation, will warm air rise on its own?

A

No… the more dense, cool air drawn to the ground by its greater gravitational force must sink to force the warm air upward.

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41
Q

Convective circulation patterns associated w/ sea breezes are caused by

A

Land absorbing and radiating heat faster than the water

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42
Q

To determine the stability of the air you need

A

A measure of the lapse rate

(Unstable ambient lapse rates produce unstable air)

((Stable air cools much slower than the standard lapse rate))

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43
Q

Condensation

A

Water vapor to liquid state

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44
Q

Evaporation

A

Liquid state to water vapor

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45
Q

Sublimation

A

Vapor state to frozen state or visa Versa

Evaporation and sublimation adds moisture to the air
Adding moisture to the air will decrease the stability of the air

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46
Q

What determines the structure and type of clouds which will form as a result of air being forced to ascend?

A

Stability of the air before lifting occurs

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47
Q

What are characteristics of an unstable atmosphere?

A

A warm, humid air mass

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48
Q

What do you need for cumuliform formation?

A

Lifting action
Moist air
Unstable air mass

Good visibility
Showery precip
Updrafts

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49
Q

Towering cumulus clouds

A

Produce convective turbulence

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50
Q

What happens when you have a cold air mass moving over a warm surface?

A

Heated from below, make the air rise,

Cumulifrm clouds
Turbulence
Good visibility

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51
Q

What type of conditions w/ Stable air (resists rising)?

A

Stratus-type clouds
Poor vis
Steady participation

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52
Q

Conditions necessary for the formation of state form clouds are a lifting action and

A

Stable, moist air

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53
Q

Characteristics of stable air are

A

Stratiform clouds and fog
Continuous precip
Smooth air
Fair to poor vis in haze and smoke

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54
Q

Which are characteristics of a cold air mass moving over a warm surface?

A

Cumuliform clouds, turbulence, and good vis

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55
Q

What weather do you expect after a cold front?

A

A cold front is where colder air replaces warmer air and its passage is associated w/ clearing skies, with gusty turbulent winds, and cooler temps.

56
Q

Radiation fog

A

Restricted to land areas

surface based temp inversion

On clear, cool nights
W/ calm or light wind

57
Q

Steam fog

A

Forms over a water surface
Evaporating water adds moisture to the air above it

58
Q

Advection fog

A

Typically in coastal area
VECtor- moist air moves over a colder surface, air cools off to the dew point

Air mass moving inland from the coast during the winter

Can appear suddenly day or night
More persistent than radiation fog

59
Q

Surface winds of 15kts or stronger

A

Can dissipate advection fog or lift it into a layer of stratus clouds

60
Q

Precipitation induced fog

A

Associated w/ warm fronts
Raining out of warm fronts into colder air below, evaporates and saturates the air
Result of saturation

61
Q

Cold front occlusion occurs

A

Air ahead of warm front is warmer than the air behind the overtaking cold front

((Cold fronts sometimes move faster than warm fronts))

62
Q

Warm front occlusion

A

Cool air is not as called as the retreating cold air

Warm front rides over top if it all

63
Q

Occluded fronts

A

Most likely to have freezing precip
Rain falls from air warmer than 32 deg F
Into air w/ temp of 32 deg F or less

64
Q

What is a cold-front occlusion?

A

The air ahead of the warm front is warmer than the air behind the overtaking cold front.

In a cold front occlusion, the coldest air is under the cold front. When it overtakes the warm front, it lifts the warm front aloft, and cold air replaces the cool air at the surface.

65
Q

When does frost form

A

Surface temp below dew point
Dew point below freezing

Frost causes early airflow separation of the wing

66
Q

Freezing rain

A

Water instantly goes from liquid to a solid on contact

Highest rate of structural ice accumulation

(Must be warmer temperatures above)

67
Q

Ice pellets

A

Frozen rain turned solid
Prob freezing rain at a higher altitude above you

68
Q

Wet snow

A

Temperature is above freezing at your altitude

69
Q

Ice pellets encountered during a flight are evidence that

A

A warm front is about to pass

Rain falling through colder air may become supercooled, freezing on impact as freezing rain, or it may freeze during descent.

Ice pellets always indicate there exists a layer of warmer air above which is normally is evidenced that a warm front is about to pass

70
Q

Thunderstorm stages

A

Cumulus stage (Building, updrafts)

Mature -rain begins to reach the ground, rain at surface, updrafts and downdrafts (Updrafts- enhance growth rate of precip)

Dissipating -dominated by downdrafts, decrease over time as the storm loses moisture

71
Q

What are the greatest threats in vicinity of thunderstorms?

A

Hail
Turbulence

72
Q

What are the hazards associated w/ squall lines?

A

Most intense weather hazards to aircraft
Destructive winds
Heavy hail
Tornadoes

-narrow bands of active t-storms ahead of a cold front

-non-frontal
-contain severe steady state thunderstorms

73
Q

What are signs of extreme turbulence in a thunderstorm?

A

Cumulonimbus clouds
Very frequent lightening
Roll clouds

74
Q

Where can wind shear turbulence w/ thunderstorms occur?

A

Outside the clouds
20 miles literally from a severe storm

75
Q

Where is hail most likely?

A

To be associated w/ cumulonimbus clouds

In clear air
Several miles from the t-storm (thrown out the top and dropped on your from the anvil)

76
Q

Do squall lines form slowly?

A

No, squall lines usually form rapidly.

Squall lines may develop far from any front (I.e. non-frontal)

77
Q

Weather avoidance radar

A

Provides no assurance of avoiding IFR weather
It only shows precip, you dont get any return from the clouds

Use it to avoid areas of hazards weather.

Avoid t-storms by 20miles

78
Q

What min distance between intense radar echoes before any attempt to fly inbetween them?

A

40 miles

79
Q

Wind shear?

A

Suddenly or abrupt change in the wind direction and/or wind speed over a very short distance

Any any altitude
Horizontal and vertical direction

In areas of temp inversions
Near t-storms

80
Q

What is a temp inversion?

A

Warm air above and cold air above

81
Q

Windward side?

A

Wind blowing into the mountain

82
Q

Leeward side

A

Wind coming over the mountain

83
Q

greatest danger from turbulence in mountains terrain?

A

Windy
Leeward side
Flying into the wind

And you are flying into rising terrain

84
Q

Mountain wave formation

A

Stable air (resists lifting)
Wind at least 20 kts

*if you have unstable air, you would end up w/ tall buildups or t-storms

85
Q

Standing lenticular altocumulus clouds are an indication of

A

Strong turbulence
Found on the leeward side of the mountain ridge

86
Q

What is the most danger mountain wave turbulence

A

In and below rotor clouds

Forms at ridge top level

87
Q

What type of turbulence is associated w/ the Jet stream

A

Clear air turbulence
Above 15k’ AGL
Not associated w/ cumuliform clouds

Common location is on the polar side of the Jetstream when you have an upper trough (low pressure system)

88
Q

Expect moderate or greater turbulence in the jet stream

A

6 knots vertical shear per 1k’

89
Q

How do you recognize the jet stream?

A

Long streaks of cirrus clouds

90
Q

When is the jet stream the strongest?

A

In winter- moves south/ stronger (wild in winter)

((In summer- moves north/ weaker (stop))

91
Q

A strong wind shear can be expected in a jet stream?

A

On the low pressure side of a Jetstream core where the speed at the core is stronger than 110 knots

92
Q

Tell the weather briefer the following

A

Pilot
Aircraft ID or pilots name
VFR only or IFR
Route
Destination
Type of aircraft

93
Q

Standard weather briefing type

A

Complete weather briefing, need everythibng

94
Q

What is a abbreviated Wx briefing?

A

Supplement mass disseminated data

Update a previous weather briefing

95
Q

What is outlook briefing?

A

6 or more hours in the advance of the departure time

96
Q

Most current source for Wx enroute

A

Flight service station

97
Q

What is the Wx Forecast Office (WFO) good for?

A

Out of ordinary requests (maritime forecast)

98
Q

Is NEXRAD is up to date?

A

It’ could be 15-20 min late in addition to the age you see in the cockpit

99
Q

What wind conditions would anticipate when squalls are reported at your destination?

A

Sudden wind increase of at least 16 kts
Sustained speed of 22 kts or more
for at least 1 min

100
Q

What is virga

A

streamers of precip trailing beneath clouds but Evaporating before it hits the ground
Could be microburst

101
Q

METAR

A

Regular routine hourly observation… normally updated at 55min past the hour

102
Q

If labeled speci report then

A

Substantial change in Wx from regular observation

103
Q

METAR RMK

A

RMK RAB35

Rain started 35 past the hour

(1835 is correct)

104
Q

METAR Remarks: FZDZB42 WSHFT 30 FROPA

A

Freezing drizzle 42 min past the previous hour

Wind shift occurred 30min past the hour due to Frontal passage

105
Q

METAR ceilings are measured in AGL

A

Field elevation 1,300’ MSL
Tops reported 3,800’ MSL
OVC020 is 2k’ AGL

2000 + 1300= 3300

3800-3300= 500’

106
Q

In a convective atmosphere, temperature and dew point converge at

A

2.5 deg C per 1k’

Temp @2k’ MSL 10 deg C
Minus DP @2k’ MSL 1 deg C
Temp spread = 9 deg c

Base of cumulus clouds AGL
9 deg * 1000 / 2.5 = 3,600’ AGL

Surface in MSL = 2000
Based of clouds AGL = 3600
Based of clouds MSL= 5600 ft

107
Q

How to find bases w/ temp and dew point spread?

A

Temp spread * 1000 / 2.5 = ? AGL

108
Q

PIREPS (pilot reports)

A

UA -routine pirep

UUA -urgent pirep

109
Q

What is listed in UUA pireps?

A

Tornadoes
Funnel clouds
Waterspouts
Severe icing
Hail
Low-level wind shear

110
Q

PIREP breakdown

A

SK OVC 025/ =means tops at 2500
045 OVC 090/ =means 4500 bottoms and 9000 tops

111
Q

Look at FSS on information box

A

Look at your VOR box, upper left,
Give your tail number, give free #, location to closest VOR

Note- If line under frequency then there is no voice available

112
Q

What is the meaning of the terms PROB40 1321/1402 +TSRA as seen in a TAF?

A

Between 2100z and 0200z there is a 40% probability of t-storms w/ heavy rain

113
Q

TAF, what does VRB mean?

A

Wind direction (not speed) is variable

114
Q

AIRMET

A

Airmen’s meteorological advisory

Small aircraft/ inexperienced pilots

IFR
Mountain obscurantism
Moderate turbulence
Surface winds over 30 kts
Moderate icing

Issued every 6 hrs and valid for no more than 6 hrs

115
Q

SIGMET

A

Significant Meteorological Advisory: observation and a forecast or just a forecast

*potentially hazardous to all aircraft

Unscheduled
Period not to exceed 4 hours
May be reissued

SIGMETS – Significant Meteorological Information
SIGMETs (abbreviated WSs) are notices issued for non-convective weather that is potentially hazardous to all aircraft. SIGMETs are unscheduled forecasts that are valid for 4 hours unless the SIGMET relates to a hurricane, in which case it is valid for 6 hours. They are issued to report severe weather such as:

Severe icing not associated with thunderstorms
Severe or extreme turbulence or clear air turbulence (CAT) not associated with thunderstorms
Dust storms or sandstorms that lower surface or in-flight visibilities to below three miles
Volcanic ash

116
Q

Convective SIGMET

A

Reported or forecasted t-storm

Severe or greater turbulence
Server icing
LLWS

Embedded t-storms
Lines of t-storms
T-storms w/ widespread heavy precip

Issued hourly
Updated every 2 hours

117
Q

Special convective SIGMETs

A

Severe t-storms
Hail 3/4” or larger
Tornadoes

Issued hourly
Normally valid for 2 hours

118
Q

What are CWAs?

A

CWAs are advisories issued by the Center Weather Service Units (CWSUs) that are for conditions just below severe criteria.

CWAs are issued for:
Thunderstorms
Turbulence
Icing
Ceiling & Visibility (IFR)

119
Q

What are Weather Advisory Broadcast in flight?

A

Severe Wx forecasts alert (AWWs)
Convective SIGMETs
SIGMETs
CWAs
AIRMETs

120
Q

WABs, including AWW, convective SIGMETs, and SIGMETs are provided by

A

ARTCCs on all freqs, except emergency, when any part of the area described is w/in 150 miles of the airspace under their jurisdiction.

121
Q

What does ADS-B stand for?

A

Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast

122
Q

ADSB- out & in?

A

Out- aircraft location, direction, speed, altitude to other aircraft and ATC

In- allows you to display weather information, traffic, etc via data linking FIS-B (flight info system broadcast), I.e. data linked.

Data linked weather is a advisory only.

123
Q

Datalink weather: NEXRAD- C, Age- 8 min

A

C means conus
8 min means how long since it has been created. Images depicted on the image is always older than this time as much as 15-20min older.

124
Q

Surface Analysis Chart

A

Observed frontal positions
Pressure centers

@the valid time of the chart

125
Q

What are isobars?

(Surface analysis chart)

A

Solid lines
Show sea leave pressure patterns
Connect points of equal pressure

Closer together the isobars the strong pressure gradient and stronger the winds are…

*dashed line to weak pressure gradient, “trough”

126
Q

Surface analysis charts show

A

Actual frontal positions, pressure patterns, temperatures, dew point, wind, weather, and obstructions to vision at the valid time of the chart

127
Q

What values are used for Winds Aloft Forecasts?

A

True direction and knots

128
Q

Which provides a graphic display of both VFR and IFR weather?

A

Weather Depiction Chart by outlines and hatching

129
Q

When total sky cover is few or scattered, the height shown on the Weather depiction chart is

A

Base of the lowest layer

130
Q

Hatching on a constant pressure analysis chart indicates

A

Wind speed 70 knots to 110 knots

131
Q

What flight planning info can a pilot derive from a Constant Pressure Analysis charts?

A

Winds and temperatures aloft

@each reporting station are the observed temp, temp-dew point spread, wind, height of the pressure surface, as well as height changes over the previous 12-hr period

132
Q

High level prog chart?

A

Flight level 250- 630

133
Q

Low level prog chart?

A

SFC up to 400 MB (24k’)
Valid for specific time
Valid for 12 hours

134
Q

Prognostic charts

A

Help determine areas to avoid

135
Q

High level sig Wx prog chart

A

Issued 0800, 1400, 2000, 02z
Valid for 24hrs
Fl 250-630

136
Q

What is the height of the tropopause?

A

Look at the BOX on the high level prog chart

137
Q

What Wx phenomenon is implied w/in an area enclosed by small scalloped lines on a U.S. High-Level Significant Wx Prog chart?

A

CB, icing, and moderate or greater turbulence

Commericial Pilot Prep (11 decks)

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