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Mammalian Physiology > WBCs and Their Function > Flashcards

WBCs and Their Function Flashcards

1
Q

In what two ways does WBCs provide resistance to infection that enters the circulatory system?

A

(1) cellular action (phagocytosis), (2) antibodies and cell mediated immunity

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2
Q

In what two ways does WBCs provide resistance to infection that enters the circulatory system?

A

(1) cellular action (phagocytosis), (2) antibodies and cell mediated immunity

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3
Q

What are Leukocytes?

A

The mobile units of the protective system. They concentrate in areas of serious inflammation

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4
Q

What is an average amount of Leukocytes in adult humans?

A

7000/uL

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5
Q

What is Leukocytosis?

A

Too many WBCs

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6
Q

What is Leukopenia?

A

Too few WBCs

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7
Q

What % of WBC does monocytes make?

A

5%

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8
Q

What % of WBC does Lymphocytes make?

A

30%

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9
Q

What % of WBC does Neutrophils make?

A

62%

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10
Q

What % of WBC does Eosinophils make?

A

2%

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11
Q

What % of WBC does Basophils make?

A
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12
Q

Where are Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes located?

A

granules in the cytoplolasm

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13
Q

The granules are what?

A

membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes.

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14
Q

What WBCs have granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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15
Q

Granulocytes do what?

A

protect the body against invading organisms.

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16
Q

Which WBC is the most abundant?

A

Neutrophils at 62%

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17
Q

What do immature neutrophils look like?

A

Segmented and band neutrophils

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18
Q

Presence of band neutrophils in increased numbers is called what? When is it seen?

A

left shift, as seen in animals with inflammation

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19
Q

What are neutrophilia?

A

Neutrophils increase in response to infection.

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20
Q

What are neutrophilia?

A

Neutrophils increase in response to infection.

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21
Q

What are Leukocytes?

A

The mobile units of the protective system. They concentrate in areas of serious inflammation

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22
Q

What is an average amount of Leukocytes in adult humans?

A

7000/uL

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23
Q

What is Leukocytosis?

A

Too many WBCs

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24
Q

What is Leukopenia?

A

Too few WBCs

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25
Q

What % of WBC does monocytes make?

A

5%

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26
Q

What % of WBC does Lymphocytes make?

A

30%

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27
Q

What % of WBC does Neutrophils make?

A

62%

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28
Q

What % of WBC does Eosinophils make?

A

2%

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29
Q

What % of WBC does Basophils make?

A

less than 1%

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30
Q

Where are Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes located?

A

granules in the cytoplolasm

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31
Q

The granules are what?

A

membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes.

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32
Q

What WBCs have granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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33
Q

Granulocytes do what?

A

protect the body against invading organisms.

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34
Q

Which WBC is the most abundant?

A

Neutrophils at 62%

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35
Q

What do immature neutrophils look like?

A

Segmented and band neutrophils

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36
Q

Presence of band neutrophils in increased numbers is called what? When is it seen?

A

left shift, as seen in animals with inflammation

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37
Q

When do Neutrophils increase?

A

in response to infection (neutrophilia) and they are the most phagocytic of all cells

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38
Q

What are neutrophilia?

A

Neutrophils increase in response to infection.

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39
Q

Their granules are important for their function which is what?

A

search and destroy

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40
Q

Eosinophils have surface receptors for which components?

A

for IgG, IgE, IgM, IgA, and complement components.

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41
Q

Neutrophils have many lysosomes which contain what?

A

a variety of enzymes that digest bacterial cell walls.

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42
Q

How do Neutrophils stain?

A

Their granules are fine and take both stains (purple).

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43
Q

Neutrophils are _______ to sites by c_________ _______ where margination, diapedesis, and ameboid movement occurs.

A

mobilized, Chemotactic agents

44
Q

Neutrophils are mobilized to sites by chemotactic agents where what kind of movements occur?

A

margination, diapedesis, and ameboid movement occurs.

45
Q

Pyrogens are released from neutrophils and causes what?

A

This causes temperature elevation and increased WBC action.

46
Q

What cells are pyrogens released from?

A

neutrophils.

47
Q

Fibronectin, and opsonins (IgG and complement proteins) attached to what?

A

the cell membrane of bacteria.

48
Q

Why does Fibronectin, and opsonins (IgG and complement proteins) attached to the cell membrane?

A

enhance the chances that neutrophils will phagocytize the invaders.

49
Q

Phagocytosis occurs by the ?

A

projection of pseudopods, degranulation of the neutrophil occurs and inflammation occurs.

50
Q

What occurs during phagocytosis with O2 consumption?

A

a sudden increase in the consumption of O2 occurs (“an oxygen or respiratory burst”).

51
Q

What does the sudden increase in the consumption of O2 result in?

A

This results in the release of bactericidal agents [superoxide anions (O2 - ), hydroxyl radicals (OH-), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)].

52
Q

What is an oxygen or respiratory burst?

A

During phagocytosis, a sudden increase in the consumption of O2 occurs

53
Q

Eosinophils 2%. Slightly _______.

A

phagocytic,

54
Q

When do Eosinophils increase?

A

They increase during parasitic infections and allergic reactions.

55
Q

What are the same size of neutrophils?

A

Eosinophils

56
Q

Eosinophilia is what?

A

increase of eosinophils

57
Q

Eosinophils granules contain what?

A

They contain several substances (e.g. zinc) and enzymes including lysosomal enzymes, perioxidase.

58
Q

They can phagocytize foreign particles, including bacteria. Their phagocytic activity is lower than that of neutrophils. What cell is this?

A

Eosinophils

59
Q

Eosinophils have surface receptors for which components?

A

for IgG, IgE, IgM, IgA, and complement components

60
Q

Which WBC interact with the parasite through its IgG receptors?

A

Eosinophils

61
Q

What do eosinophils release ?

A

granule contents to the exterior to kill the parasite.

62
Q

Granule contents also dampen the effect of what?

A

bioactive substances, such as histamine, released by mast cells (and basophils) as a result of parasitic infection.

63
Q

what prevents the spread of local inflammatory process?

A

Granule contents also dampen the effect

64
Q

Eosinophils parasiticidal activity is greater when?

A

in presence of antibody and/or complement

65
Q

What brings out anaphylactic response ?(inflammation, edema, etc.).

A

Granular contents cause the local vascular and tissue reactions characteristic of allergies

66
Q

Oxygen products and peroxidases do what?

A

kill parasites

67
Q

Eosinophils participate in regulation of ?

A

allergic and acute inflammatory responses

68
Q

Eosinophils participate in coagulation and fibrinolysis through?

A

activation of factor XII and plasminogen, respectively.

69
Q

Eosinophils dampen and terminate the host’s response to what?

A

allergens by reducing the release of inflammatory mediators.

70
Q

Prostaglandins and zinc released from eosinophils inhibit ?

A

the mast cell release of histamine, platelet activating factor and serotonin.

71
Q

They have histaminases, which inactivates histamine.

who are they?

A

eosinophils

72
Q

Eosinophils are reduced and is called what?

A

eosinopenia

73
Q

Eosinophils are reduced when?

A

following stress or high levels of cortisol.

74
Q

Eosinopenia develops in what kind of diseases?

A

acute diseases

75
Q

Eosinophilia is what?

A

increase of eosinophils

76
Q

What is a reflection of chronic diseases of tissues and organs (lungs, GIT, skin) with high concentrations of mast cells.

A

Eosinophilia

77
Q

Eosinophilia is associated with what type of conditions?

A

with conditions that involves interaction with a specific antigen, IgE antibody, and mast cell or basophil.

78
Q

Basophil granules stain how?

A

take basic stains. Granules large and blue

79
Q

Basophils release what kind of enzymes.

A

heparin, and histamine, bradykinin and lysosomal

80
Q

Basophils release enzymes why?

A

Prevent coagulation.

81
Q

Basophils have receptors for which antibodies and associated with what?

A

Ig E antibody (associated with allergies)

82
Q

When antibody on the cell membrane contacts its antigen, the basophil does what?

A

rupture releasing its granular contents.

83
Q

Basophil Granular contents cause what?

A

the local vascular and tissue reactions characteristic of allergies

84
Q

What brings out anaphylactic response ?(inflammation, edema, etc.).

A

Granular contents cause the local vascular and tissue reactions characteristic of allergies

85
Q

Prostaglandins (Pgs), interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), produced by ?

A

macrophage

86
Q

Eosinophil dampens what? so an overreaction does not occur.

A

Basophils cause allergic and inflammatory reactions to proceed quickly

87
Q

Mast cells, scattered throughout extravascular tissues, are similar to _________. May have different origins.

A

basophils

88
Q

Monocytes 5% of WBCs. Once the monocytes leave the blood what occurs?

A

they can swell and form macrophages.

89
Q

Lymphocytes:There are 3 major classes of lymphocytes?

A

B & T cells and Null cells (NK cells) with a large number of subclasses.

90
Q

Monocytes process ________ so that they are recognized by ___ ____ ___ ____.

A

Antigens,T and B cells

91
Q

The monocytes-macrophage lineage respond to what type invasion?

A

microbial invasion

92
Q

What occurs in a microbial invasion and monocytes?

A

send signals (CSF or colony stimulating factors) to trigger increased production of WBCs.

93
Q

Prostaglandins (Pgs), interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are also produced by _________.

A

macrophage.

94
Q

____________, are about 30% of WBCs in human.

A

Lymphocytes

95
Q

Lymphocytes are involved in antibody production called what?

A

(B-lymphocyte)

96
Q

Lymphocytes are involved in Cellular mediated immunity called?

A

(T-lymphocytes).

97
Q

Structure of a lymphocyte?

A

Large uniform nucleus. Small (mature) lymphocytes and large lymphocytes (immature)

98
Q

There are three major classes of lymphocytes,

A

B & T cells and Null cells (NK cells) with a large number of subclasses.

99
Q

Lymphocytes constitute a family of cells of different tissue origins and functions. Lymphocytes re-circulate from ?

A

from lymph node –> blood — lymph — blood

100
Q

Lymphocytes stay in the blood a few _____ and then do what?

A

hours, pass into the tissues by diapedesis, return to blood

101
Q

Multipotent uncommitted stem cells respond to multiple CSFs and interleukins (IL1, IL5, IL3) to form ?

A

committed stem cells and bone marrow lymphocyte precursors

102
Q

Each CSFs has a predominant effect, and together with ________ has overlapping ________.

A

interleukins,actions

103
Q

The source of IL are activated ?

A

T-lymphocytes and macophages

104
Q

Prostaglandins (Pgs), interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), produced by ?

A

macrophage

105
Q

G-CSF, and M-CSF stimulates production of what?

A

neutrophils and monocytes, respectively, in increasing numbers.

Mammalian Physiology (7 decks)

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