WBCs and Their Function Flashcards
In what two ways does WBCs provide resistance to infection that enters the circulatory system?
(1) cellular action (phagocytosis), (2) antibodies and cell mediated immunity
In what two ways does WBCs provide resistance to infection that enters the circulatory system?
(1) cellular action (phagocytosis), (2) antibodies and cell mediated immunity
What are Leukocytes?
The mobile units of the protective system. They concentrate in areas of serious inflammation
What is an average amount of Leukocytes in adult humans?
7000/uL
What is Leukocytosis?
Too many WBCs
What is Leukopenia?
Too few WBCs
What % of WBC does monocytes make?
5%
What % of WBC does Lymphocytes make?
30%
What % of WBC does Neutrophils make?
62%
What % of WBC does Eosinophils make?
2%
What % of WBC does Basophils make?
Where are Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes located?
granules in the cytoplolasm
The granules are what?
membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes.
What WBCs have granulocytes?
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Granulocytes do what?
protect the body against invading organisms.
Which WBC is the most abundant?
Neutrophils at 62%
What do immature neutrophils look like?
Segmented and band neutrophils
Presence of band neutrophils in increased numbers is called what? When is it seen?
left shift, as seen in animals with inflammation
What are neutrophilia?
Neutrophils increase in response to infection.
What are neutrophilia?
Neutrophils increase in response to infection.
What are Leukocytes?
The mobile units of the protective system. They concentrate in areas of serious inflammation
What is an average amount of Leukocytes in adult humans?
7000/uL
What is Leukocytosis?
Too many WBCs
What is Leukopenia?
Too few WBCs
What % of WBC does monocytes make?
5%
What % of WBC does Lymphocytes make?
30%
What % of WBC does Neutrophils make?
62%
What % of WBC does Eosinophils make?
2%
What % of WBC does Basophils make?
less than 1%
Where are Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes located?
granules in the cytoplolasm
The granules are what?
membrane bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes.
What WBCs have granulocytes?
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Granulocytes do what?
protect the body against invading organisms.
Which WBC is the most abundant?
Neutrophils at 62%
What do immature neutrophils look like?
Segmented and band neutrophils
Presence of band neutrophils in increased numbers is called what? When is it seen?
left shift, as seen in animals with inflammation
When do Neutrophils increase?
in response to infection (neutrophilia) and they are the most phagocytic of all cells
What are neutrophilia?
Neutrophils increase in response to infection.
Their granules are important for their function which is what?
search and destroy
Eosinophils have surface receptors for which components?
for IgG, IgE, IgM, IgA, and complement components.
Neutrophils have many lysosomes which contain what?
a variety of enzymes that digest bacterial cell walls.
How do Neutrophils stain?
Their granules are fine and take both stains (purple).
Neutrophils are _______ to sites by c_________ _______ where margination, diapedesis, and ameboid movement occurs.
mobilized, Chemotactic agents
Neutrophils are mobilized to sites by chemotactic agents where what kind of movements occur?
margination, diapedesis, and ameboid movement occurs.
Pyrogens are released from neutrophils and causes what?
This causes temperature elevation and increased WBC action.
What cells are pyrogens released from?
neutrophils.
Fibronectin, and opsonins (IgG and complement proteins) attached to what?
the cell membrane of bacteria.
Why does Fibronectin, and opsonins (IgG and complement proteins) attached to the cell membrane?
enhance the chances that neutrophils will phagocytize the invaders.
Phagocytosis occurs by the ?
projection of pseudopods, degranulation of the neutrophil occurs and inflammation occurs.
What occurs during phagocytosis with O2 consumption?
a sudden increase in the consumption of O2 occurs (“an oxygen or respiratory burst”).
What does the sudden increase in the consumption of O2 result in?
This results in the release of bactericidal agents [superoxide anions (O2 - ), hydroxyl radicals (OH-), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)].
What is an oxygen or respiratory burst?
During phagocytosis, a sudden increase in the consumption of O2 occurs
Eosinophils 2%. Slightly _______.
phagocytic,
When do Eosinophils increase?
They increase during parasitic infections and allergic reactions.
What are the same size of neutrophils?
Eosinophils
Eosinophilia is what?
increase of eosinophils
Eosinophils granules contain what?
They contain several substances (e.g. zinc) and enzymes including lysosomal enzymes, perioxidase.
They can phagocytize foreign particles, including bacteria. Their phagocytic activity is lower than that of neutrophils. What cell is this?
Eosinophils
Eosinophils have surface receptors for which components?
for IgG, IgE, IgM, IgA, and complement components
Which WBC interact with the parasite through its IgG receptors?
Eosinophils
What do eosinophils release ?
granule contents to the exterior to kill the parasite.
Granule contents also dampen the effect of what?
bioactive substances, such as histamine, released by mast cells (and basophils) as a result of parasitic infection.
what prevents the spread of local inflammatory process?
Granule contents also dampen the effect
Eosinophils parasiticidal activity is greater when?
in presence of antibody and/or complement
What brings out anaphylactic response ?(inflammation, edema, etc.).
Granular contents cause the local vascular and tissue reactions characteristic of allergies
Oxygen products and peroxidases do what?
kill parasites
Eosinophils participate in regulation of ?
allergic and acute inflammatory responses
Eosinophils participate in coagulation and fibrinolysis through?
activation of factor XII and plasminogen, respectively.
Eosinophils dampen and terminate the host’s response to what?
allergens by reducing the release of inflammatory mediators.
Prostaglandins and zinc released from eosinophils inhibit ?
the mast cell release of histamine, platelet activating factor and serotonin.
They have histaminases, which inactivates histamine.
who are they?
eosinophils
Eosinophils are reduced and is called what?
eosinopenia
Eosinophils are reduced when?
following stress or high levels of cortisol.
Eosinopenia develops in what kind of diseases?
acute diseases
Eosinophilia is what?
increase of eosinophils
What is a reflection of chronic diseases of tissues and organs (lungs, GIT, skin) with high concentrations of mast cells.
Eosinophilia
Eosinophilia is associated with what type of conditions?
with conditions that involves interaction with a specific antigen, IgE antibody, and mast cell or basophil.
Basophil granules stain how?
take basic stains. Granules large and blue
Basophils release what kind of enzymes.
heparin, and histamine, bradykinin and lysosomal
Basophils release enzymes why?
Prevent coagulation.
Basophils have receptors for which antibodies and associated with what?
Ig E antibody (associated with allergies)
When antibody on the cell membrane contacts its antigen, the basophil does what?
rupture releasing its granular contents.
Basophil Granular contents cause what?
the local vascular and tissue reactions characteristic of allergies
What brings out anaphylactic response ?(inflammation, edema, etc.).
Granular contents cause the local vascular and tissue reactions characteristic of allergies
Prostaglandins (Pgs), interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), produced by ?
macrophage
Eosinophil dampens what? so an overreaction does not occur.
Basophils cause allergic and inflammatory reactions to proceed quickly
Mast cells, scattered throughout extravascular tissues, are similar to _________. May have different origins.
basophils
Monocytes 5% of WBCs. Once the monocytes leave the blood what occurs?
they can swell and form macrophages.
Lymphocytes:There are 3 major classes of lymphocytes?
B & T cells and Null cells (NK cells) with a large number of subclasses.
Monocytes process ________ so that they are recognized by ___ ____ ___ ____.
Antigens,T and B cells
The monocytes-macrophage lineage respond to what type invasion?
microbial invasion
What occurs in a microbial invasion and monocytes?
send signals (CSF or colony stimulating factors) to trigger increased production of WBCs.
Prostaglandins (Pgs), interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are also produced by _________.
macrophage.
____________, are about 30% of WBCs in human.
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are involved in antibody production called what?
(B-lymphocyte)
Lymphocytes are involved in Cellular mediated immunity called?
(T-lymphocytes).
Structure of a lymphocyte?
Large uniform nucleus. Small (mature) lymphocytes and large lymphocytes (immature)
There are three major classes of lymphocytes,
B & T cells and Null cells (NK cells) with a large number of subclasses.
Lymphocytes constitute a family of cells of different tissue origins and functions. Lymphocytes re-circulate from ?
from lymph node –> blood — lymph — blood
Lymphocytes stay in the blood a few _____ and then do what?
hours, pass into the tissues by diapedesis, return to blood
Multipotent uncommitted stem cells respond to multiple CSFs and interleukins (IL1, IL5, IL3) to form ?
committed stem cells and bone marrow lymphocyte precursors
Each CSFs has a predominant effect, and together with ________ has overlapping ________.
interleukins,actions
The source of IL are activated ?
T-lymphocytes and macophages
Prostaglandins (Pgs), interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), produced by ?
macrophage
G-CSF, and M-CSF stimulates production of what?
neutrophils and monocytes, respectively, in increasing numbers.
