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Mammalian Physiology > Blood Plasma and Formed Elements > Flashcards

Blood Plasma and Formed Elements Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a _______ _______ made of a liquid portion and _______ ______.

A

Blood is a connective tissue made of a liquid portion and formed elements.

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2
Q

What is the major extracelluar fluid in the body?

A

Blood.

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3
Q

The color of the whole blood is bright red if it is _______ ______.

A

Arterial (Oxygenated)

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4
Q

What is viscosity of blood?

A

Its resistance to flow. Blood is thick and sticky.

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5
Q

Its viscosity is _-_ _____ that of _____ due to mainly the cells and partly to proteins in the plasma.

A

3-4 Times, Water

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6
Q

Why is blood viscosity 3-4 times that of water?

A

Proteins in plasma.

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7
Q

What is specific gravity of blood?

A

1.060 (I ml of blood weighs 1.060 grams).

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8
Q

Blood pH is?

A

7.4

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9
Q

Venous blood is more ____ at pH of ______.

A

Acidic, 7.36

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10
Q

Venous blood is more acidic than arterial blood due to what?

A

Higher CO2 concentration.

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11
Q

A slight decrease or increase in ____ reflects a large increase or decrease in ______ _____ concentration [H+]

A

pH, Hydrogen Ion

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12
Q

If pH is 7.1, _____ is double than normal.

A

[H+]

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13
Q

What is blood volume?

A

Generally 8% of the body weight.

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14
Q

Where does blood transports hormones from and to?

A

from endocrine glands to target tissues (chemical communication)

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15
Q

Blood transports ___ from the lungs to the tissues and _____ from the tissues to the lungs

A

O2, CO2

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16
Q

Blood returns wastes ( e.g. Urea, CO2 ) and unwanted substances to the _______ for what?

A

Kidneys, to be excreted.

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17
Q

Blood maintains uniformity of internal environment, this is called what?

A

Homeostasis

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18
Q

What are the three ways blood maintains homeostasis?

A

Temperature Regulation, Maintenance of osmotic pressure, and by means of buffers in the blood.

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19
Q

How does blood maintain homeostasis by temperature?

A

transport of heat from the body core to the limbs and skin where heat exchange can take place. Blood flow through the skin is critical for heat exchange.

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20
Q

How does blood maintain homeostasis by osmotic pressure?

A

Maintenance of water and salt balance and osmotic pressure

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21
Q

How does blood maintain homeostasis by buffers in blood?

A

By means of buffers in the blood, acid-base balance is maintained.

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22
Q

What is Immunity and protection?

A

Blood transports white blood cells to injury sites where they combat insults by invading microorganisms and their toxins.

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23
Q

Blood transports what to injury sites?

A

antibodies to target areas.

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24
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Prevention of blood loss.

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25
Q

What occurs in hemostasis?

A

Platelets, Ca+2 and proteins participate in cascade of events that lead hemostasis

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26
Q

What are formed elements that constitute blood?

A

Red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets (thrombocytes) suspended in a complex fluid intercelluar matrix (plasma).

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27
Q

What constitutes plasma?

A

dissolved gases, proteins, Organic constituents and Inorganic constituents

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28
Q

Circulating blood volume accounts for about what percent of body weight?

A

8%

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29
Q

What are some examples of dissolved gasses in plasma?

A

O2, N2, CO2

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30
Q

What are some examples of proteins in plasma?

A

Albumin, Globulins, and Fibrinogen.

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31
Q

What does hematocrit tell you?

A

what percent of blood is cells and what percent is plasma.

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32
Q

Typically, Cells are _____% blood and plasma is _____% of the blood.

A

40, 60

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33
Q

The PCV is the percent of blood that is red blood cells. Normal ?

A

40

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34
Q

polycythemia has a PCV of what?

A

60%

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35
Q

Hematocrit is higher in males than females. Why?

A

Large size, metabolic demands.

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36
Q

CBC includes determination of what?

A

PCV, WBCs count, RBCs count, and a differential WBCs count.

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37
Q

What other assessment can be made while doing CBC?

A

Number of platelets, morphology of RBCs.

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38
Q

Automatic blood counters are used to count what? What must be added?

A

RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and determine Hb. Anticoagulant must be added.

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39
Q

Plasma is what percent of blood? (100-PCV, ________ coat occupies an insignificant volume).

A

60%, Buffy.

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40
Q

How is plasma obtained?

A

collecting blood in syringe containing a small amount of an anticoagulant .

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41
Q

What are some examples of anticoagulants?

A

Heparin, sodium citrate, or EDTA.

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42
Q

Heparin inhibits what?

A

inhibits enzymes of coagulation

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43
Q

Sodium citrate and EDTA bind to ?

A

Ca+2 and thus prevents coagulation.

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44
Q

What is Serum?

A

plasma minus the clotting proteins.

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45
Q

How is serum obtained?

A

collecting blood without the addition of an anticoagulant

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46
Q

What percent of water is in plasma?

A

90%

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47
Q

What are Albumins used for and what % of them are in plasma?

A

nutrition reserve, COP, pH and transport of hormones, ~59%

48
Q

What are globulins responsible for?

A

COP, Immunity, carrier of hormones, transferrin

49
Q

What are Fibrinogens?

A

coagulation factors (glycoprotein)

50
Q

Where are most plasma proteins formed?

A

in the Liver.

51
Q

Where are gamma globulins formed? Where are they used?

A

formed in lymphoreticular system and plasma cells, immunity.

52
Q

An increase in total serum protein is caused by?

A

Dehydration.

53
Q

A decrease in total serum protein accompanies?

A

starvation, liver disease or kidney disease.

54
Q

A decrease in albumin is associated with what?

A

kidney or liver disease.

55
Q

Increased globulins is associated with what?

A

Chronic infections.

56
Q

Loss in plasma proteins would result in? A) Dehydration B) edema C) water balance D) Hematuria

A

B) edema

57
Q

Answer the following question: The Plasma protein most concerned with COP is globulin A) true B) false

A

False, Albumin.

58
Q

What is Spectrophotometer used for?

A

Blood Chemistry

59
Q

What is a screening panel for kidney function?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) test.

60
Q

What is a screening panel for liver?

A

serum, bilirubin, and enzymes.

61
Q

What is a screening panel for pancreas?

A

serum amylase, serum lipase, and glucose .

62
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cell (RBCs) or corpuscles.

63
Q

What do RBCs do?

A

Transport of O2 from the lungs to the tissues and CO2 from the tissues to the lungs.

64
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

WBC

65
Q

What do WBCs do?

A

Protection of body against foreign insult.

66
Q

What are thrombocytes?

A

Platelets

67
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Blood coagulation (Hemostasis)

68
Q

Hemostasis is the role of which blood element?

A

platelets.

69
Q

What is the major function of RBC?

A

transport of O2 from the lungs to the tissues and CO2 to the lungs.

70
Q

Hb binds to what?

A

O2 , CO2, and H+

71
Q

Where are RBCs made after birth?

A

bone marrow.

72
Q

Where are RBCs made before birth?

A

in liver, spleen and bone marrow.

73
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Production of RBCs

74
Q

Kidney erythropoieitin stimulates their production in response to what?

A

low O2 in the tissues.

75
Q

RBCs make up what percent of blood cells?

A

99%

76
Q

O2 is transported loosely attached to what?

A

Hb of RBCs

77
Q

What is it called when O2 is transported loosely attached to Hb of RBCs?

A

oxyhemoglobin

78
Q

Iron of the heme is in its _________ form.

A

Ferrous

79
Q

70% of the CO2 is transported as _________ in the _______.

A

bicarbonate in the plasma.

80
Q

What also assists in CO2 transport?

A

Hb

81
Q

What are the shapes of RBCs?

A

Biconcave discs with large surface area for exchange of gases.

82
Q

RBCs are what in mammals and what in avian species?

A

non-nucleated in mammals and nucleated in avian species.

83
Q

What are RBC’s missing?

A

Absence of nuclei, mitochondria, and ER.

84
Q

What does RBC have for metabolism?

A

enzymes for anaerobic metabolisms.

85
Q

WBC provide ________ to infection that enters the circulatory system

A

resistance

86
Q

What and who provide cellular action in WBCs?

A

phagocytosis, function of neutrophils and monocytes

87
Q

Who functions as antibodies and cell mediated immunity?

A

Lymphocytes

88
Q

What is Leukocytosis?

A

many WBCs

89
Q

What is Leukopenia?

A

few WBSs

90
Q

What are Agranulocytes?

A

No granules in cytoplasm.

91
Q

What two WBCs are agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

92
Q

Lymphocytes don’t have what kind of function?

A

No phagocytic.

93
Q

What is B-lymphocytes life span?

A

Few days

94
Q

Life span of T-lymphocytes?

A

Several Years.

95
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

A

lymphatic tissue, “e.g.”, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow.

96
Q

Lymphocytes are involved in what type of production?

A

Antibody

97
Q

What percent of WBC are monocytes?

A

5%

98
Q

What are monocytes characteristics?

A

Irregular nucleus. Formed in bone marrow

99
Q

Once the monocytes leave the circulatory system what happens?

A

they can swell and form macrophages.

100
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

engulf tissue debris, bacteria and viruses.

101
Q

Monocytes also participate in ________ ________.

A

immune responses

102
Q

Megakaryocyte

A

Multinucleated – Platelets (no Nucleus)

103
Q

Platelets are fragments of ?

A

Megakaryocytes

104
Q

Megakaryocytes prevent what?

A

blood loss from severed vessel

105
Q

Neutrophilsnuclei have 2,3 or more lobes and are called?

A

polymorphonuclear leukocytes or simply, polys.

106
Q

Eosinophils contain what in appearance?

A

cytoplasmic granules that are large, numerous, and stain reddish-orange with acid dyes such as eosin

107
Q

Eosinophils do what?

A

detoxify proteins.

108
Q

When do you see an increase of Eosinophils?

A

during parasitic infections and allergic reaction

109
Q

Eosinophils are reduced (eosinopenia) following what?

A

stress or high levels of cortisol.

110
Q

What are basophils appearance?

A

have relatively large, but sparse, cytoplasmic granules that stain a dark purple with basic dyes

111
Q

Are basophils rare?

A

least numerous of the WBCs about 0.5% to 1% of the total leukocyte count.

112
Q

cytoplasmic granules of basophils contain what?

A

Histamine and Heparin

113
Q

What is histamine?

A

inflammatory chemical

114
Q

What is heparin?

A

anticoagulant

115
Q

What are similar to basophils?

A

Mast Cells

Mammalian Physiology (7 decks)

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