Blood Plasma and Formed Elements Flashcards
Blood is a _______ _______ made of a liquid portion and _______ ______.
Blood is a connective tissue made of a liquid portion and formed elements.
What is the major extracelluar fluid in the body?
Blood.
The color of the whole blood is bright red if it is _______ ______.
Arterial (Oxygenated)
What is viscosity of blood?
Its resistance to flow. Blood is thick and sticky.
Its viscosity is _-_ _____ that of _____ due to mainly the cells and partly to proteins in the plasma.
3-4 Times, Water
Why is blood viscosity 3-4 times that of water?
Proteins in plasma.
What is specific gravity of blood?
1.060 (I ml of blood weighs 1.060 grams).
Blood pH is?
7.4
Venous blood is more ____ at pH of ______.
Acidic, 7.36
Venous blood is more acidic than arterial blood due to what?
Higher CO2 concentration.
A slight decrease or increase in ____ reflects a large increase or decrease in ______ _____ concentration [H+]
pH, Hydrogen Ion
If pH is 7.1, _____ is double than normal.
[H+]
What is blood volume?
Generally 8% of the body weight.
Where does blood transports hormones from and to?
from endocrine glands to target tissues (chemical communication)
Blood transports ___ from the lungs to the tissues and _____ from the tissues to the lungs
O2, CO2
Blood returns wastes ( e.g. Urea, CO2 ) and unwanted substances to the _______ for what?
Kidneys, to be excreted.
Blood maintains uniformity of internal environment, this is called what?
Homeostasis
What are the three ways blood maintains homeostasis?
Temperature Regulation, Maintenance of osmotic pressure, and by means of buffers in the blood.
How does blood maintain homeostasis by temperature?
transport of heat from the body core to the limbs and skin where heat exchange can take place. Blood flow through the skin is critical for heat exchange.
How does blood maintain homeostasis by osmotic pressure?
Maintenance of water and salt balance and osmotic pressure
How does blood maintain homeostasis by buffers in blood?
By means of buffers in the blood, acid-base balance is maintained.
What is Immunity and protection?
Blood transports white blood cells to injury sites where they combat insults by invading microorganisms and their toxins.
Blood transports what to injury sites?
antibodies to target areas.
What is hemostasis?
Prevention of blood loss.
What occurs in hemostasis?
Platelets, Ca+2 and proteins participate in cascade of events that lead hemostasis
What are formed elements that constitute blood?
Red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets (thrombocytes) suspended in a complex fluid intercelluar matrix (plasma).
What constitutes plasma?
dissolved gases, proteins, Organic constituents and Inorganic constituents
Circulating blood volume accounts for about what percent of body weight?
8%
What are some examples of dissolved gasses in plasma?
O2, N2, CO2
What are some examples of proteins in plasma?
Albumin, Globulins, and Fibrinogen.
What does hematocrit tell you?
what percent of blood is cells and what percent is plasma.
Typically, Cells are _____% blood and plasma is _____% of the blood.
40, 60
The PCV is the percent of blood that is red blood cells. Normal ?
40
polycythemia has a PCV of what?
60%
Hematocrit is higher in males than females. Why?
Large size, metabolic demands.
CBC includes determination of what?
PCV, WBCs count, RBCs count, and a differential WBCs count.
What other assessment can be made while doing CBC?
Number of platelets, morphology of RBCs.
Automatic blood counters are used to count what? What must be added?
RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and determine Hb. Anticoagulant must be added.
Plasma is what percent of blood? (100-PCV, ________ coat occupies an insignificant volume).
60%, Buffy.
How is plasma obtained?
collecting blood in syringe containing a small amount of an anticoagulant .
What are some examples of anticoagulants?
Heparin, sodium citrate, or EDTA.
Heparin inhibits what?
inhibits enzymes of coagulation
Sodium citrate and EDTA bind to ?
Ca+2 and thus prevents coagulation.
What is Serum?
plasma minus the clotting proteins.
How is serum obtained?
collecting blood without the addition of an anticoagulant
What percent of water is in plasma?
90%
What are Albumins used for and what % of them are in plasma?
nutrition reserve, COP, pH and transport of hormones, ~59%
What are globulins responsible for?
COP, Immunity, carrier of hormones, transferrin
What are Fibrinogens?
coagulation factors (glycoprotein)
Where are most plasma proteins formed?
in the Liver.
Where are gamma globulins formed? Where are they used?
formed in lymphoreticular system and plasma cells, immunity.
An increase in total serum protein is caused by?
Dehydration.
A decrease in total serum protein accompanies?
starvation, liver disease or kidney disease.
A decrease in albumin is associated with what?
kidney or liver disease.
Increased globulins is associated with what?
Chronic infections.
Loss in plasma proteins would result in? A) Dehydration B) edema C) water balance D) Hematuria
B) edema
Answer the following question: The Plasma protein most concerned with COP is globulin A) true B) false
False, Albumin.
What is Spectrophotometer used for?
Blood Chemistry
What is a screening panel for kidney function?
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) test.
What is a screening panel for liver?
serum, bilirubin, and enzymes.
What is a screening panel for pancreas?
serum amylase, serum lipase, and glucose .
What are erythrocytes?
red blood cell (RBCs) or corpuscles.
What do RBCs do?
Transport of O2 from the lungs to the tissues and CO2 from the tissues to the lungs.
What are leukocytes?
WBC
What do WBCs do?
Protection of body against foreign insult.
What are thrombocytes?
Platelets
What do platelets do?
Blood coagulation (Hemostasis)
Hemostasis is the role of which blood element?
platelets.
What is the major function of RBC?
transport of O2 from the lungs to the tissues and CO2 to the lungs.
Hb binds to what?
O2 , CO2, and H+
Where are RBCs made after birth?
bone marrow.
Where are RBCs made before birth?
in liver, spleen and bone marrow.
What is erythropoiesis?
Production of RBCs
Kidney erythropoieitin stimulates their production in response to what?
low O2 in the tissues.
RBCs make up what percent of blood cells?
99%
O2 is transported loosely attached to what?
Hb of RBCs
What is it called when O2 is transported loosely attached to Hb of RBCs?
oxyhemoglobin
Iron of the heme is in its _________ form.
Ferrous
70% of the CO2 is transported as _________ in the _______.
bicarbonate in the plasma.
What also assists in CO2 transport?
Hb
What are the shapes of RBCs?
Biconcave discs with large surface area for exchange of gases.
RBCs are what in mammals and what in avian species?
non-nucleated in mammals and nucleated in avian species.
What are RBC’s missing?
Absence of nuclei, mitochondria, and ER.
What does RBC have for metabolism?
enzymes for anaerobic metabolisms.
WBC provide ________ to infection that enters the circulatory system
resistance
What and who provide cellular action in WBCs?
phagocytosis, function of neutrophils and monocytes
Who functions as antibodies and cell mediated immunity?
Lymphocytes
What is Leukocytosis?
many WBCs
What is Leukopenia?
few WBSs
What are Agranulocytes?
No granules in cytoplasm.
What two WBCs are agranulocytes?
lymphocytes and monocytes
Lymphocytes don’t have what kind of function?
No phagocytic.
What is B-lymphocytes life span?
Few days
Life span of T-lymphocytes?
Several Years.
Where are lymphocytes produced?
lymphatic tissue, “e.g.”, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow.
Lymphocytes are involved in what type of production?
Antibody
What percent of WBC are monocytes?
5%
What are monocytes characteristics?
Irregular nucleus. Formed in bone marrow
Once the monocytes leave the circulatory system what happens?
they can swell and form macrophages.
What do macrophages do?
engulf tissue debris, bacteria and viruses.
Monocytes also participate in ________ ________.
immune responses
Megakaryocyte
Multinucleated – Platelets (no Nucleus)
Platelets are fragments of ?
Megakaryocytes
Megakaryocytes prevent what?
blood loss from severed vessel
Neutrophilsnuclei have 2,3 or more lobes and are called?
polymorphonuclear leukocytes or simply, polys.
Eosinophils contain what in appearance?
cytoplasmic granules that are large, numerous, and stain reddish-orange with acid dyes such as eosin
Eosinophils do what?
detoxify proteins.
When do you see an increase of Eosinophils?
during parasitic infections and allergic reaction
Eosinophils are reduced (eosinopenia) following what?
stress or high levels of cortisol.
What are basophils appearance?
have relatively large, but sparse, cytoplasmic granules that stain a dark purple with basic dyes
Are basophils rare?
least numerous of the WBCs about 0.5% to 1% of the total leukocyte count.
cytoplasmic granules of basophils contain what?
Histamine and Heparin
What is histamine?
inflammatory chemical
What is heparin?
anticoagulant
What are similar to basophils?
Mast Cells
