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Mammalian Physiology > WBCs and Their Function 2 > Flashcards

WBCs and Their Function 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Nonspecific

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2
Q

Why do many diseases that affect animals, e.g., hog cholera, cattle plague, distemper, etc., do not affect man.

A

Innate immunity

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3
Q

Acquired immunity is a special immune system response that, after the first invasion will do what?

A

will produce cells and substances attack and destroy the organism or toxin

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4
Q

It may be humoral (antibodies), cell mediated (sensitized lymphocytes), or interferon (a hormone like messenger that has anti-viral effects). Are examples of A)Acquired immunity B)Innate immunity.

A

Acquired immunity

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5
Q

The body has the ability to resist almost all types of what?

A

organisms or toxins that tend to damage the tissues and organs.

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6
Q

By complex recognition mechanisms, which discriminate between?

A

“self” and “Non-self” on the basis of chemical structure

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7
Q

By complex recognition mechanisms, which discriminate between “self” and “Non-self” on the basis of chemical structure, the immune process generates what?

A

cellular mediated immunity-CMI and Ab and interferon to bind and destroy the alien.

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8
Q

The foreign substance that invades the body is called ?

A

antigen (Ag)

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9
Q

What is termed the immune response?

A

Antigen and the generation of defender cells (CMI) and molecules (Ab) and interferon (IF)

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10
Q

Antigens are usually proteins that are?

A

free floating or attached to the surface of infectious agents.

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11
Q

What elicit a specific immune response?

A

Antigens

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12
Q

Antigenicity depends on what?

A

regularly recurring molecular groups, called epitopes, on the surface of large molecule.

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13
Q

Antigens can elicit the production of ?

A

a) Humoral (Ab)
b) Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI)
c) Immunologic unresponsiveness (Tolerance) to ones own Ag

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14
Q

A complete Ag will do what?

A

(1) stimulate Ab or CMI and/or interferon (2) react with Ab

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15
Q

T & B lymphocytes Have their origin in a common what?

A

hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow that differentiate to form lymphocytes

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16
Q

Before distribution to lymphatic tissue, T-lymphocytes are processed?

A

in mammals in the thymus gland.

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17
Q

For B-lymphocytes before distribution to tissue is process where?

A

the sites are the fetal liver, spleen, and bone marrow

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18
Q

Which lymphocyte is Involved in cellular mediated immunity?

A

T- lymphocytes

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19
Q

Formation of large number of T- lymphocytes to do what?

A

destroy the foreign substances (antigen).

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20
Q

There are four types of T lymphocytes:

A

Helper cells; most numerous (75%)
Cytotoxic T cells (killer cells)
Suppressor T cells
Memory T cells

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21
Q

Cytotoxic T cells are also called what?

A

Killer Cells

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22
Q

Which T-Lymphocyte is most numerous?

A

Helper Cells

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23
Q

There are two subclasses of Helper T-Cells and they are?

A

1 and 2) of helper T cells .

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24
Q

TH1 is concerned with?

A

cellular immunity

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25
Q

TH2 interact mainly with?

A

B-lymphocytes.

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26
Q

Why do TH2 interact mainly with B-Lymphocytes?

A

To enhance B-cell and T-cell activity.

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27
Q

although B cells can produce antibodies in the absence of T- cells, there is usually cooperation with which cells?

A

cooperation with T- cells

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28
Q

Helper T cells are involved in the recognition of _______ and in the stimulation of ________ to produce antibodies.

A

antigens, B lymphocytes

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29
Q

Helper T Cells produce IL2, which serves as what?

A

a lymphocytic growth factor and modulates immune responses

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30
Q

Suppressor T cells (tolerance) suppress which responses?

A

both humoral and cellular-immune responses.

31
Q

Suppressor T-Cells regulate the activity?

A

of helper , killer T cells and also regulate the production of antibodies by B cells.

32
Q

Suppressor T-Cells prevent the immune system from doing what?

A

attacking its own body tissues (autoimmune disease)

33
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells (killer cells) have receptors that bind where?

A

bind to specific antigen

34
Q

What happens when Cytotoxic T-Cells bind on to a specific antigen?

A

cytotoxic substances are released into the foreign cells

35
Q

How do Killer cells kill foreign invaders?

A

by producing H2O2 from their lysosomal enzymes (peroxidases, phosphotases, and oxygenases), as the macrophages do.

36
Q

The cytotoxic T cells also attack cells of transplanted what?

A

organs or other cells foreign to the body

37
Q

The body‘s immune system recognizes when a cell ?

A

changes from its normal self to a neoplastic (cancerous)

38
Q

Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy what kind of cells?

A

cancer cells.

39
Q

Memory T- cells (and B- cells) help in retaining what?

A

the capacity of T & B cells to respond to the same antigen in producing antibodies when exposed at a later date.

40
Q

Early lymphocyte progenitor cell which migrates out of the what to do what?

A

bone marrow to populate peripheral lymphoid tissue

41
Q

What upon proper stimulation produces B-lymphocytes?

A

Early lymphocyte progenitor cell.

42
Q

Concerned with humoral immunity. B-cell produce what kind of cells and what are they known for?

A

plasma cells (short lived)

43
Q

What do plasma cells produce?

A

antibodies against extracellular bacteria and viruses.

44
Q

B-Lymphocytes Differentiate into 2 types of cells?

A

plasma cells (produce antibodies) and B memory cells

45
Q

Antibodies inactivate antigens by what?

A
  • agglutination
  • precipitation
  • neutralization by covering toxic sites
  • and lysis, causing rupture of the cells of the foreign invader.
46
Q

Complement system enhance B-cell’s ability to do what?

A

fight foreign invaders.

47
Q

What is Opsonization:

A

Antigen is covered with antibody and become a target for neutrophils and macrophages

48
Q

What is hemotaxis:

A

complement products attract neutrophils and macrophages

49
Q

Agglutination, lysis and activation of basophils and mast cells are examples of what?

A

humoral immunity

50
Q

A third type of lymphocyte found in the body ?

A

the natural killer cell (NK cell)

51
Q

What differ from B & T cells?

A

NK Cell

52
Q

NK cell are specific or non specific?

A

They are non-specific killer cells.

53
Q

They are large lymphocytes that makeup 10-15% of the circulating mononuclear cells. What are they?

A

NK-Cell

54
Q

NK cells are the First line of defense against viral infections, combating the spread of disease while the more specific what are activated?

A

T and B cell responses are activated. They are part of innate immunity

55
Q

What are Cytokines ?

A

are soluble substances produced by cells and which have various effects on other cells.

56
Q

Substances produced by one type of leukocyte and which affect other leukocytes are interleukins are what?

A

Cytokines

57
Q

Lymphokines are what?

A

(the soluble products) produced by lymphocytes

58
Q

monokines are produced by?

A

monocytes/macrophages.

59
Q

For activation of T cells the antigen must be what?

A

presented by other cells such As macrophages and even B cells.

60
Q

These accessory or antigen-presenting cells (APC) play a crucial role in what?

A

processing a polypeptide-breaking it down intracellularly to smaller peptide fragments

61
Q

As a consequence of T-cell activation what happens?

A

many different cytokines are produced.

62
Q

These cytokines have profound effects not only on the proliferation and differentiation of T-cell, but also where?

A

also on the activation and growth of many different cell types.

63
Q

B-cell activation results in the release of what?

A

release of the antigen-specific receptor Ig, which binds to free antigen.

64
Q

Binding of the B-cell receptor to antigen is not sufficient to do what?

A

activate the B cell; other factors appear to be necessary for activation

65
Q

Two factors in particular, IL-4 and IL-5, secreted by _____ _ ___, are involved in the further what?

A

activated T cells, proliferation of B cells and their differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells

66
Q

Interferon-gamma (IFN-g): Synthesized by ?

A

activated T cells.

67
Q

IFN-g activates what kind of cells?

A

killer T cells,natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages.

68
Q

What is interferon ?

A

is a hormone like messenger that has anti-viral effects.

69
Q

What is Agranulocytosis:

A

Inability of bone marrow to produce WBC (drug poisoning or irradiation). Body is left unprotected (such as respiratory infection)

70
Q

What is Leukemia:

A

cancerous production of WBCs.

71
Q

How many types of leukemia are there?

A

Lymphogenous and mylogenous

72
Q

What is lymphogenous?

A

( excessive production of lymphocytes ),

73
Q

What is Myelogenous?

A

(excessive production of WBCs other than Lymphocytes)

74
Q

Cancerous cells invade tissues causing pain. They grow at the expense of tissue or cells and cause what?

A

( Severe anemia and bleeding tendency)

Mammalian Physiology (7 decks)

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