WBCs and Their Function 2 Flashcards
What is innate immunity?
Nonspecific
Why do many diseases that affect animals, e.g., hog cholera, cattle plague, distemper, etc., do not affect man.
Innate immunity
Acquired immunity is a special immune system response that, after the first invasion will do what?
will produce cells and substances attack and destroy the organism or toxin
It may be humoral (antibodies), cell mediated (sensitized lymphocytes), or interferon (a hormone like messenger that has anti-viral effects). Are examples of A)Acquired immunity B)Innate immunity.
Acquired immunity
The body has the ability to resist almost all types of what?
organisms or toxins that tend to damage the tissues and organs.
By complex recognition mechanisms, which discriminate between?
“self” and “Non-self” on the basis of chemical structure
By complex recognition mechanisms, which discriminate between “self” and “Non-self” on the basis of chemical structure, the immune process generates what?
cellular mediated immunity-CMI and Ab and interferon to bind and destroy the alien.
The foreign substance that invades the body is called ?
antigen (Ag)
What is termed the immune response?
Antigen and the generation of defender cells (CMI) and molecules (Ab) and interferon (IF)
Antigens are usually proteins that are?
free floating or attached to the surface of infectious agents.
What elicit a specific immune response?
Antigens
Antigenicity depends on what?
regularly recurring molecular groups, called epitopes, on the surface of large molecule.
Antigens can elicit the production of ?
a) Humoral (Ab)
b) Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI)
c) Immunologic unresponsiveness (Tolerance) to ones own Ag
A complete Ag will do what?
(1) stimulate Ab or CMI and/or interferon (2) react with Ab
T & B lymphocytes Have their origin in a common what?
hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow that differentiate to form lymphocytes
Before distribution to lymphatic tissue, T-lymphocytes are processed?
in mammals in the thymus gland.
For B-lymphocytes before distribution to tissue is process where?
the sites are the fetal liver, spleen, and bone marrow
Which lymphocyte is Involved in cellular mediated immunity?
T- lymphocytes
Formation of large number of T- lymphocytes to do what?
destroy the foreign substances (antigen).
There are four types of T lymphocytes:
Helper cells; most numerous (75%)
Cytotoxic T cells (killer cells)
Suppressor T cells
Memory T cells
Cytotoxic T cells are also called what?
Killer Cells
Which T-Lymphocyte is most numerous?
Helper Cells
There are two subclasses of Helper T-Cells and they are?
1 and 2) of helper T cells .
TH1 is concerned with?
cellular immunity
TH2 interact mainly with?
B-lymphocytes.
Why do TH2 interact mainly with B-Lymphocytes?
To enhance B-cell and T-cell activity.
although B cells can produce antibodies in the absence of T- cells, there is usually cooperation with which cells?
cooperation with T- cells
Helper T cells are involved in the recognition of _______ and in the stimulation of ________ to produce antibodies.
antigens, B lymphocytes
Helper T Cells produce IL2, which serves as what?
a lymphocytic growth factor and modulates immune responses
Suppressor T cells (tolerance) suppress which responses?
both humoral and cellular-immune responses.
Suppressor T-Cells regulate the activity?
of helper , killer T cells and also regulate the production of antibodies by B cells.
Suppressor T-Cells prevent the immune system from doing what?
attacking its own body tissues (autoimmune disease)
Cytotoxic T-cells (killer cells) have receptors that bind where?
bind to specific antigen
What happens when Cytotoxic T-Cells bind on to a specific antigen?
cytotoxic substances are released into the foreign cells
How do Killer cells kill foreign invaders?
by producing H2O2 from their lysosomal enzymes (peroxidases, phosphotases, and oxygenases), as the macrophages do.
The cytotoxic T cells also attack cells of transplanted what?
organs or other cells foreign to the body
The body‘s immune system recognizes when a cell ?
changes from its normal self to a neoplastic (cancerous)
Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy what kind of cells?
cancer cells.
Memory T- cells (and B- cells) help in retaining what?
the capacity of T & B cells to respond to the same antigen in producing antibodies when exposed at a later date.
Early lymphocyte progenitor cell which migrates out of the what to do what?
bone marrow to populate peripheral lymphoid tissue
What upon proper stimulation produces B-lymphocytes?
Early lymphocyte progenitor cell.
Concerned with humoral immunity. B-cell produce what kind of cells and what are they known for?
plasma cells (short lived)
What do plasma cells produce?
antibodies against extracellular bacteria and viruses.
B-Lymphocytes Differentiate into 2 types of cells?
plasma cells (produce antibodies) and B memory cells
Antibodies inactivate antigens by what?
- agglutination
- precipitation
- neutralization by covering toxic sites
- and lysis, causing rupture of the cells of the foreign invader.
Complement system enhance B-cell’s ability to do what?
fight foreign invaders.
What is Opsonization:
Antigen is covered with antibody and become a target for neutrophils and macrophages
What is hemotaxis:
complement products attract neutrophils and macrophages
Agglutination, lysis and activation of basophils and mast cells are examples of what?
humoral immunity
A third type of lymphocyte found in the body ?
the natural killer cell (NK cell)
What differ from B & T cells?
NK Cell
NK cell are specific or non specific?
They are non-specific killer cells.
They are large lymphocytes that makeup 10-15% of the circulating mononuclear cells. What are they?
NK-Cell
NK cells are the First line of defense against viral infections, combating the spread of disease while the more specific what are activated?
T and B cell responses are activated. They are part of innate immunity
What are Cytokines ?
are soluble substances produced by cells and which have various effects on other cells.
Substances produced by one type of leukocyte and which affect other leukocytes are interleukins are what?
Cytokines
Lymphokines are what?
(the soluble products) produced by lymphocytes
monokines are produced by?
monocytes/macrophages.
For activation of T cells the antigen must be what?
presented by other cells such As macrophages and even B cells.
These accessory or antigen-presenting cells (APC) play a crucial role in what?
processing a polypeptide-breaking it down intracellularly to smaller peptide fragments
As a consequence of T-cell activation what happens?
many different cytokines are produced.
These cytokines have profound effects not only on the proliferation and differentiation of T-cell, but also where?
also on the activation and growth of many different cell types.
B-cell activation results in the release of what?
release of the antigen-specific receptor Ig, which binds to free antigen.
Binding of the B-cell receptor to antigen is not sufficient to do what?
activate the B cell; other factors appear to be necessary for activation
Two factors in particular, IL-4 and IL-5, secreted by _____ _ ___, are involved in the further what?
activated T cells, proliferation of B cells and their differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells
Interferon-gamma (IFN-g): Synthesized by ?
activated T cells.
IFN-g activates what kind of cells?
killer T cells,natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages.
What is interferon ?
is a hormone like messenger that has anti-viral effects.
What is Agranulocytosis:
Inability of bone marrow to produce WBC (drug poisoning or irradiation). Body is left unprotected (such as respiratory infection)
What is Leukemia:
cancerous production of WBCs.
How many types of leukemia are there?
Lymphogenous and mylogenous
What is lymphogenous?
( excessive production of lymphocytes ),
What is Myelogenous?
(excessive production of WBCs other than Lymphocytes)
Cancerous cells invade tissues causing pain. They grow at the expense of tissue or cells and cause what?
( Severe anemia and bleeding tendency)
