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Mammalian Physiology > Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation > Flashcards

Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Prevention of blood loss

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2
Q

What are there mechanisms that prevent blood loss?

A

Vascular spasm, platelet plug, blood coagulation, and growth of fibrous tissue to close the vessel.

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3
Q

Which mechanism is life saving?

A

Vascular spasm

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4
Q

What follows vascular spasm in a life saving event?

A

Platelet

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5
Q

What do blood vessels do all the time?

A

Regenerate

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6
Q

What are the two main mechanisms that the vascular spasm is responsible for?

A

Local myogenic and Sympathetic Reflexes cause vascular spasms.

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7
Q

What is local myogenic due to?

A

in part to serotonin, Ca++ and other vasoconstrictor substances released from injured cells.

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8
Q

Serotonin and Ca++ are examples of what?

A

Vasoconstrictor substances

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9
Q

In major injury the sympathetic system causes what?

A

reflexes that generate vascular spasms.

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10
Q

What is part of the autonomic system?

A

The sympathetic reflexes cause vascular spasms.

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11
Q

Sympathetic reflexes go through the entire body. Is this automatic?

A

Yes this is automatic.

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12
Q

What is the second major mechanism in injury?

A

Platelet plug.

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13
Q

The platelet plug is first when?

A

in minor injuries

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14
Q

A platelet clot, clot smalls holes without what

?

A

formation of clot

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15
Q

What occurs when a blood vessel is damage in reference to a platelet plug?

A

Platelets come in contact with the exposed collagen, they swell and become sticky.

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16
Q

Platelets secrete two things to from what?

A

ADP and Enzymes. Thromboxane a2 (TxA2)

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17
Q

TxA2 will activate what?

A

Other platelets and can cause a vascular spasm in a small area.

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18
Q

What will cause other platelets to adhere and vasoconstriction to occur?

A

TxA2

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19
Q

Platelets have a short life time averaging about what?

A

8-12 days, Avg: 10 days

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20
Q

What are characteristics of platelets?

A

small, discoid-shaped bodies in the circulating blood of mammals.

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21
Q

What is the principle source of platelets?

A

bone marrow where the platelets originate from megakarocytes.

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22
Q

What is the function of megakarocytes?

A

to create platelets

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23
Q

What is the principle role of WBC?

A

Immunity

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24
Q

What is the principle role of RBC?

A

carry O2 in the body.

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25
Q

What is the principle role of Platelets?

A

to assist in the prevention of hemorrhage when blood vessels are injured.

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26
Q

When an area gets injured what occurs?

A

chemicals are released to signal platelets to come and build up in that specific region.

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27
Q

What is too much turbulence and its effects on platelets?

A

Too much turbulence is for example high cholesterol. When build up is big and constricts certain pathways this will activate platelets to build up.

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28
Q

What growth factor do platelets contain?

A

PDGF

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29
Q

What does the growth factor PDGF do?

A

causes vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and vascular smooth muscles cells to grow.

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30
Q

platelets have a ________ _________ of several plasma proteins.

A

loose covering

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31
Q

what is factor III?

A

The membrane phospholipids compose the platelet factors.

32
Q

What do actin and myosin do?

A

They are proteins that make platelets stick together and there is a high content of this within platelets.

33
Q

Platelets contain large amounts of what?

A

Ca++

34
Q

Where is ADP and ATP?

A

in platelets

35
Q

Factor XIII is responsible for what?

A

Contain fibrin stabilization factor in the cytoplasm. Final stage when fiber network is formed and make cross linking of fibronetwork.

36
Q

Platelets can be activated when what is exposed?

A

collagen

37
Q

Platelets are also activated when injured cells release what?

A

ADP, serotonin, and TxA2

38
Q

The cardiovascular system is lined with what?

A

endothelial cells with a basement membrane that contain collagen and protein.

39
Q

What occurs when subendothelial layer is disrupted and collagen gets exposed?

A

Platelets adhere to it.

40
Q

What does the platelets adhesion require?

A

vWF and fibronectin, form sticky projections that permit contact with other platelets.

41
Q

Aspirin blocks what?

A

TxA2

42
Q

When platelets are activated what do they release?

A

Ca++ from its granule storage into the cytoplasm.

43
Q

What is the principle messenger for Ca2+ release?

A

TxA2

44
Q

TxA2 is the principle messenger for what?

A

Ca 2+ release

45
Q

What does Ca 2+ mediates?

A

release of granular content from the platelets.

46
Q

What is platelet release reaction?

A

Ca2+ mediates release of granular content from the platelets.

47
Q

The extra presence of platelets granules provides what?

A

High concentration of fibrinogen, fibronectin, and vWF and factor V.

48
Q

What is high concentration of fibrinogen for?

A

Need for fibrin and clot formation.

49
Q

What is the need for fibronectin and vWF needed for?

A

needed for adhesion.

50
Q

What is factor V needed for?

A

thrombin formation

51
Q

At the end of platelet reactions what occur?

A

platelets aggregate stick together and form a plug.

52
Q

Formation of fibrin stabilizes what?

A

the platelet plug

53
Q

Receptors on the platelet membrane are exposed to what?

A

the coagulation factors

54
Q

A roman numeral system is used for what?

A

to designate blood clotting factors.

55
Q

What are the only two factors that are not proteins?

A

Ca+2 and Phospholipids

56
Q

What is factor III?

A

Phospholipids

57
Q

What is factor IV?

A

Ca 2+

58
Q

Why is Ca 2+ necessary?

A

it is needed for both extrinsic and intrinsic systems. it is a cofactor to cause the reactions to take place.

59
Q

What is an extrinsic reaction?

A

it occurs in a catastrophic damage. it will accelerate the speed to up to 10 seconds.

60
Q

What is intrinsic reaction?

A

it occurs really slow about 5-6 minutes. Not for major damage.

61
Q

Factor III phospholipids are in both what?

A

the extrinsic and intrinsic systems, a phospholipid plays a major role in the formation of the final prothrombin activator.

62
Q

What is the major role of a phospholipid?

A

it forms the final prothrombin activator.

63
Q

What is the extrinsic system incorporate?

A

Tissue thromboplastin (III), a lipoprotein, and phospholipids.

64
Q

What are factors that make up the intrinsic system?

A

it is platelet factor III and factor XII

65
Q

All of the blood clotting factors except which ones are plasma proteins?

A

Ca 2+(facor IV) and Factor III

66
Q

Why is vitamin K necessary?

A

for the formation of factors II,V,VII,IX,X

67
Q

What is essential for fibrin formation?

A

formation of thrombin from prothrombin

68
Q

In blood coagulation what is going on with the clotting factor?

A

it circulates in the plasma in inactive form

69
Q

How does clotting factor get activated?

A

in a cascade leading to clot formation

70
Q

Cross-linked fibrin fibers form what?

A

covalent bonding to increase density and decrease volume.

71
Q

Plasma serine protease after activation serves as what?

A

Enzymes triggering further steps in the process

72
Q

How is clotting mediated?

A

by the intimate interplay of the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting systems.

73
Q

With out what will make coagulation go extremely slow?

A

Ca2+

74
Q

Ca2+ (IV) acts as what?

A

a cofactor to cause the reactions to take place.

75
Q

Intrinsic coagulation reactions occur when?

A

Preferentially on the platelet surface leading to fibrin formation within and around platelet plugs.

Mammalian Physiology (7 decks)

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