Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mammalian Physiology > RBC Synthesis, Function, and Destruction > Flashcards

RBC Synthesis, Function, and Destruction Flashcards

1
Q

______ are the most abundant formed elements

A

RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

RBC biconcave shape facilitates what?

A

O2 and CO2 diffusion and binding with Hb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are hypertonic RBCs?

A

Cells Shrink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are hypotonic RBCs?

A

Cells swell and Burst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are Isotonic?

A

Cell size does not change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cells prefer isotonic or hypotonic?

A

Isotonic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the fragility test?

A

based on behavior of RBCs when placed in a hypotonic solution of NaCl of varying strength (0.7-.03 percent) to see at which strength hemolysis begins and at which is complete.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the fragility tests used for?

A

helpful in differential diagnosis of anemias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can cause hemolysis?

A

Bacterial toxins, wrong transfusion, snake venom.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The number of RBCs/mm3 varies?

A

inversely with the size of the blood corpuscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

An increase in the numbers of RBCs/mm3 is called _______, whereas the decrease is called ________.

A

polycythemia, oligocythemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are Three types of Hb:

A

Type (A adult), Type B (Fetal), Type S (Sickle cell, abnormal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Hemoglobin composed of?

A

Globin and heme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hb has _______ groups, each contains ________ ________ that loosely binds to one oxygen molecules.

A

four heme, iron atom (ferrous form Fe2+).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Each Hb can carry ______ ______ .

A

four molecules of O2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

HB (g/dl) is is what in man?

A

15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Oxyhemoglobin?

A

iron in the ferrous state, can carry oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What compound gives blood its bright red color?

A

Oxyhemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hb that has given up its oxygen is called what and what color is it?

A

reduced Hb and it is blue in color.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When mucous membranes has a distinctly blue color this is called?

A

cyanosis (Hb ~ 5g/dl of blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When is Methemoglobin formed?

A

the Iron of the heme is oxidized to ferric form (Fe+++) which cannot carry O2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Carbonmonoxyhemoglobin ?

A

When Carbon monoxide occupies sites normally occupied by O2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

CMO is short for?

A

Carbonmonoxyhemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

CMO has a higher affinity by how many times then what?

A

(250 times) than O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the oxygen starvation that cause death due to inhalation of exhaust fumes?

A

CMO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Hemoglobin in the muscle is called?

A

Myoglobin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Myoglobin has what characteristics?

A

one heme group and capable of transporting one molecule of oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the Affinity of Hb to O2 is affected by?

A

PCO2, [H+], pH, and the concentration of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The presence of higher levels of CO2 and [H+] (decreased pH) in the capillaries of such metabolically active tissue promotes?

A

release of O2 from oxyhemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens when DPG binds to Hb?

A

decrease its affinity to oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the Shape of O2 dissociation curve of Hb?

A

Sigmoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the sigmoidal shape of the curve indicates?

A

binding of O2 to Hb is cooperative.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does it mean when binding of O2 to Hb is cooperative?

A

means binding of O2 to one heme facilitates the binding of O2 to other hemes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In adult animals RBCs are made where?

A

in the red bone marrow of the sternum, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis and skull (primary sources).

35
Q

Before birth where are RBCs made?

A

liver, spleen and bone marrow.

36
Q

In adults suffering from massive hemorrhage, RBC can be formed where?

A

yellow bone marrow of long bones, liver, and spleen.

37
Q

yellow bone marrow of long bones, liver, and spleen are what type of sources?

A

Secondary Sources

38
Q

Kidney erythropoieitin stimulates their production in response to ?

A

to low O2 in the tissues (Hypoxia)

39
Q

What is Hypoxia?

A

low O2 in the tissues

40
Q

Blood cells are formed from ______ cells, which reside in the _____ ______.

A

stem, bone marrow.

41
Q

Stem cells can be committed to form what?

A

either RBC, WBC, or platelets.

42
Q

What vitamins are needed for erythropoiesis?

A

Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid.

43
Q

Without B12 and Folic acid ___ ______ and ______ ______ can’t occur.

A

DNA synthesis and cell division.

44
Q

What are the stages of Erythropoeisis: stages of differentiations?

A

Rubriblast –> Prorubricytes–>Rubricyte –> Metarubricyte –> Reticulocytes –> Erythrocyte.

45
Q

What doe erythrocytes lack?

A

DNA and mitochondria.

46
Q

When does the synthesis of Hb begin?

A

Between the prorubricyte and rubricyte.

47
Q

What occurs between Rubricyte

–> Metarubricyte?

A

Active ER, RNA,and protein synthesis. Much Hb has been produced by this time.

48
Q

When does the extrusion of the nucleus in erythropoiesis occur?

A

between the metarubricyte and reticulocytes.

49
Q

When division cease in erythropoiesis?

A

cell division cease between the metarubricyte and reticulocytes.

50
Q

What matures to an erythrocyte in the peripheral blood?

A

Reticulocyte

51
Q

What is the average maturation time of a Reticulocyte?

A

33 hours

52
Q

A rise in reticulocyte count indicates what?

A

increased activity of blood forming tissue.

53
Q

reticulocyte count increases typically after what events?

A

hemorrhage, at high altitudes and exercise.

54
Q

How many RBCs per uL of blood?

A

5,000,000

55
Q

How long does blood last after it leaves bone marrow?

A

120 days.

56
Q

When they become fragile, they are removed by what?

A

by macrophages mainly in the liver and spleen.

57
Q

RBC breakdown

         RBC

_______ heme ______

biliverdin (What color is this?)

bilirubin (yellow)

bilirubin+albumin

bilirubin+ glucoronic acid (what organ does this occur)

_____ ___________

bacteria+bile pigments
(What organ does this occurs in?)
Urobilinogen

urine feces

          urobilin       urobilin (stercobilin)
A 
globin, iron
biliverdin (green)
bilirubin+ glucoronic acid = Liver
Bile Pigment
Small Intestines
58
Q

What happens to Globin and Iron when phagocytosed?

A

recycled and reused.

59
Q

90% of the hemolysis occurs when the cells are?

A

phagocytosed (extravascular).

60
Q

What happens to heme when RBCs destruct?

A

is converted to biliverdin (green pigment) and is then reduced to bilirubin (yellow pigment.

61
Q

When heme is reduced to bilirubin what happens to it?

A

Free bilirubin is transported , bound to albumin, to the liver.

62
Q

What occurs in the liver, when bilirubin conjugates with glucoronic acid?

A

It is secreted in the bile as bile pigment

63
Q

In the intestines, bacteria acts on bile pigment to form what?

A

urobilinogen which is secreted in the feces as urobilin or stercobilin

64
Q

What give the feces its color?

A

urobilinogen.

65
Q

Some of the urobilinogen that is absorbed is excreted where and as what?

A

in the urine as urobilin.

66
Q

If the liver is diseased and can not process bilirubin, bilirubin combined with albumin appears where?

A

in high concentrations in the plasma and interstitial fluids.

67
Q

What disease occurs when liver is diseases and can not process bilirubin?

A

Jaundice (yellow coloration of the tissues and mucous membranes).

68
Q

Jaundice can be produced in what other circumstances?

A

if the bile ducts becomes blocked and bilirubin spill into the plasma.

69
Q

Increased hemolysis due to hemolytic disease causes what?

A

the plasma to take a reddish appearance (hematoglobinemia)

70
Q

What is hematoglobinemia?

A

the plasma to take a reddish appearance.

71
Q

What gives urine reddish color?

A

Hb in urine.

72
Q

What is it called when Hb causes urine to be reddish in color?

A

hemoglobinuria.

73
Q

What is transferrin?

A

Iron circulated in the plasma, combined with a plasma protein.

74
Q

What is transferrin used in bone marrow?

A

used for synthesis of hemoglobin.

75
Q

Ingested iron reduced to _____ ______ and is absorbed in the ____ _______.

A

ferrous state, small intestines.

76
Q

The two factors that affect Fe absorption are?

A

amount stored and rate of RBC formation

77
Q

What is Ferritin?

A

is the storage form of Fe2+ (in liver).

78
Q

After 2-3 days, Fe2+ is either absorbed into the blood or what?

A

passed into the intestinal lumen as part of the exfoliated intestinal cells

79
Q

Fe2+ absorbed in the _______ combines with a _____ _____ called (a__________) to form transferrin.

A

blood, plasma protein called apotransferrin.

80
Q

Transferrin transports Fe2+ to the bone marrow for use in what?

A

mitochondria of the developing erythrocytes for heme production.

81
Q

Ferritin is the storage form of _____ . The_____ is the principal storage site.

A

Fe2+, liver

82
Q

In times of excess, Fe2+ can accumulate in the ______ as _________.

A

liver, hemosiderin.

83
Q

__________ _________, rather than excretion, regulates Fe2+ levels in the body.

A

Controlled absorption

Mammalian Physiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions