Blood Groups and Transfusion Flashcards
Where are antigens typically found?
on red blood cells surface and other cells and in body secretions.
Antigens are also found on?
Bacteria, virus, and parasites
What are agglutinogens?
Antigens on the membranes of RBCs
RBC agglutinogens are called what?
agglutinins
What determine blood groups?
agglutinins
In human what type of blood grouping exists?
ABO
What type of blood factors correlate with ABO blood grouping?
rhesus factor Rh- and Rh+
In humans how many different blood types exist?
4 blood types A, B, AB, O
Why is type O universal donor?
It is lacking agglutinogens
Why is AB the universal recipient?
They lack antibodies (agglutinins)
Type AB has neither what?
Antibodies to type A,B,or O
Type O has antibodies for what type of blood?
A,B,AB
Type A individual develop what?
anti-B antibodies.
Type B individual develop what
?
anti-A antibodies
What type are most people?
Type O(47%) and Type A (41%)
What is a major reaction?
Is the reaction between antigens on the donors RBCs and the antibodies of the host
What occurs in cross matching?
donor red blood cells are mixed with recipient plasma on a slide and checked for agglutination.
What is a minor reaction?
When the donor antibody reacts with host antigen.
What is the second most important system”?
Rh system
What is manufactured in the plasma cells?
circulating antibodies in the gamma globulin fraction of the plasma proteins.
What do B-Lymphocytes differentiate into?
Plasma cells
What is the Rh Factor?
a system that has different Rh Antigens
who is the Rh factor named after?
the rhesus monkey
What are 6 common types of Rh Antigens
C,D,E,c,d,e
What type is widely prevalent in the population?
Type D
Type D is more what?
antigenic than other types of antigens.
If the antigen D is present the person is said to be what?
Rh+
If a person doesn’t have antigen D present what are they said to be?
Rh-
What percent of white people are Rh+
85%
What percent of African American people Rh+?
95%
What percent of African people Rh+?
100%
When are Rh+ antibodies present?
blood has been sensitized
How long does it take for Rh antibodies to develop?
Super slow: 2-4 months to reach max concentration.
15% of the population is what?
Rh-
What is the most antigenic compound?
D
D is routinely used in what blood procedure?
blood typing
What happens when Rh negative individual when injected with Rh+ cells?
when no D antigen it forms anti D agglutinin when D positive cells are injected.
What is erythroblastosis fetalis?
Mother is Rh- and makes Rh antibodies against their own baby who is Rh+
What are common reactions to erythroblastosis fetalis?
Hemolysis in the fetus.
What does hemolysis in the fetus cause?
Anemia, severe jaundice, and edema
In Erythroblastosis fetalis what occurs to bile pigments in fetus?
enter the brain and causes neural damage since the blood brain barrier has not developed.
What is a minor reaction in a blood transfusion?
this occurs between donor plasma (Ab) and recipients RBCs (Ag). The plasma infused is rapidly diluted.
Mismatched transfusions rarely cause what?
agglutination of the recipients cells.
What occurs when unlike bloods are mixed?
- Agglutination
- Hemolysis
- Coagulation
- Anaphylatic reaction
- Fever
- Kidney shut down (death)
What type of reaction occurs when a major reaction occurs?
Major Reaction
Why does the kidney shut down when unlike blood types are mixed?
it activates complement system occurs due to tubules blocked by Hb and vasoconstriction of vessels.
Why does vasoconstriction of vessels occur during unlike bloods being mixed?
a vasoconstrictor substance is released during hemolysis.
What is haptoglobin (alpha2)?
a plasma protein capable of combining with large amounts of Hb released from hemolized RBCs
Haptoglobin prevents what?
the Hb from plugging renal glomeruli.
Increased catabolism of Hb results in what?
increased secretion of bilirubin and could results in jaundice.
Where is haptoglobin produced?
in liver
What are autografts?
transplantation of tissues and organs between same person or animal
What are isografts
transplantation of tissues and organs between one identical twin to another identical twin.
What are Allografts?
transplantation of tissues and organs between one human being to another.
What are Xenografts?
transplantation of tissues and organs between one species to another
What results in host rejection responses?
cell membranes possess a diverse of constellation of antigens as well as blood groups and their antigens.
What is a tremendous problem in transplantation?
Immune responses
What are immune responses after transplantation?
Most recipients are just able to resist invasion of foreign cells as a resist invasion by foreign bacteria.
What is glucocorticoid Therapy?
to overcome the antigen-antibody reaction in transplanted tissue.
What do the glucocorticoids do?
Surpress Tcells proliferation.
What typical transplantation of tissues and organs have no problems with rejection?
Autografts
How rejection of transplanted tissue overcome?
treatment with drugs that suppress antibody formation.
What does cyclosporin A do?
It blocks the production of IL-2 and inhibits the formation of helper T cells.
Antigens on leukocytes are associated with what?
histocompatibility
What appear after tissue transplantation?
antileukocytes antibodies appear.
If Cyclosporin A is blocked what happens to the immune system?
It will created a major dysfunction in immune system.
What is released by helper T cells and it enhance B-Cell and T-cell activity
Cyclosporin A
How is plasma used?
indiscriminately without regard for blood groups/types.
How can plasma be kept after it has been extracted from the body?
Kept in frozen state or lyophilized.
What does Lyophilized mean?
Freeze Dried
What does plasma do physiologically?
it is a balanced mixture of proteins that, helps restoring the blood volume (osmotic effects).
What is considered an artificial transfusion material?
Dextran
What is Dextran?
plasma from other species.
What properties does Dextran have?
it render a fluid suitable for transfusion are physical rather than chemical.
Where the requirements of the Dextran?
Molecules of the substance must be of such a size that its solution will not leave the circulation too freely.
Artificial transfusion materials must have what approaching that of blood?
osmotic pressure and viscosity.
Artificial transfusion material should be chemically inert meaning?
nontoxic
In regards to the corpuscles artificial transfusion materials should be what?
isotonic
Artificial transfusion materials should not hinder what process?
normal plasma protein production.
Why must osmotic pressure need to be isotonic for artificial transfusion materials?
If not isotonic the person can die.
