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Mammalian Physiology > Blood Groups and Transfusion > Flashcards

Blood Groups and Transfusion Flashcards

1
Q

Where are antigens typically found?

A

on red blood cells surface and other cells and in body secretions.

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2
Q

Antigens are also found on?

A

Bacteria, virus, and parasites

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3
Q

What are agglutinogens?

A

Antigens on the membranes of RBCs

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4
Q

RBC agglutinogens are called what?

A

agglutinins

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5
Q

What determine blood groups?

A

agglutinins

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6
Q

In human what type of blood grouping exists?

A

ABO

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7
Q

What type of blood factors correlate with ABO blood grouping?

A

rhesus factor Rh- and Rh+

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8
Q

In humans how many different blood types exist?

A

4 blood types A, B, AB, O

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9
Q

Why is type O universal donor?

A

It is lacking agglutinogens

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10
Q

Why is AB the universal recipient?

A

They lack antibodies (agglutinins)

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11
Q

Type AB has neither what?

A

Antibodies to type A,B,or O

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12
Q

Type O has antibodies for what type of blood?

A

A,B,AB

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13
Q

Type A individual develop what?

A

anti-B antibodies.

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14
Q

Type B individual develop what

?

A

anti-A antibodies

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15
Q

What type are most people?

A

Type O(47%) and Type A (41%)

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16
Q

What is a major reaction?

A

Is the reaction between antigens on the donors RBCs and the antibodies of the host

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17
Q

What occurs in cross matching?

A

donor red blood cells are mixed with recipient plasma on a slide and checked for agglutination.

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18
Q

What is a minor reaction?

A

When the donor antibody reacts with host antigen.

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19
Q

What is the second most important system”?

A

Rh system

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20
Q

What is manufactured in the plasma cells?

A

circulating antibodies in the gamma globulin fraction of the plasma proteins.

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21
Q

What do B-Lymphocytes differentiate into?

A

Plasma cells

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22
Q

What is the Rh Factor?

A

a system that has different Rh Antigens

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23
Q

who is the Rh factor named after?

A

the rhesus monkey

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24
Q

What are 6 common types of Rh Antigens

A

C,D,E,c,d,e

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25
Q

What type is widely prevalent in the population?

A

Type D

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26
Q

Type D is more what?

A

antigenic than other types of antigens.

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27
Q

If the antigen D is present the person is said to be what?

A

Rh+

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28
Q

If a person doesn’t have antigen D present what are they said to be?

A

Rh-

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29
Q

What percent of white people are Rh+

A

85%

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30
Q

What percent of African American people Rh+?

A

95%

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31
Q

What percent of African people Rh+?

A

100%

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32
Q

When are Rh+ antibodies present?

A

blood has been sensitized

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33
Q

How long does it take for Rh antibodies to develop?

A

Super slow: 2-4 months to reach max concentration.

34
Q

15% of the population is what?

A

Rh-

35
Q

What is the most antigenic compound?

A

D

36
Q

D is routinely used in what blood procedure?

A

blood typing

37
Q

What happens when Rh negative individual when injected with Rh+ cells?

A

when no D antigen it forms anti D agglutinin when D positive cells are injected.

38
Q

What is erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

Mother is Rh- and makes Rh antibodies against their own baby who is Rh+

39
Q

What are common reactions to erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

Hemolysis in the fetus.

40
Q

What does hemolysis in the fetus cause?

A

Anemia, severe jaundice, and edema

41
Q

In Erythroblastosis fetalis what occurs to bile pigments in fetus?

A

enter the brain and causes neural damage since the blood brain barrier has not developed.

42
Q

What is a minor reaction in a blood transfusion?

A

this occurs between donor plasma (Ab) and recipients RBCs (Ag). The plasma infused is rapidly diluted.

43
Q

Mismatched transfusions rarely cause what?

A

agglutination of the recipients cells.

44
Q

What occurs when unlike bloods are mixed?

A
  1. Agglutination
  2. Hemolysis
  3. Coagulation
  4. Anaphylatic reaction
  5. Fever
  6. Kidney shut down (death)
45
Q

What type of reaction occurs when a major reaction occurs?

A

Major Reaction

46
Q

Why does the kidney shut down when unlike blood types are mixed?

A

it activates complement system occurs due to tubules blocked by Hb and vasoconstriction of vessels.

47
Q

Why does vasoconstriction of vessels occur during unlike bloods being mixed?

A

a vasoconstrictor substance is released during hemolysis.

48
Q

What is haptoglobin (alpha2)?

A

a plasma protein capable of combining with large amounts of Hb released from hemolized RBCs

49
Q

Haptoglobin prevents what?

A

the Hb from plugging renal glomeruli.

50
Q

Increased catabolism of Hb results in what?

A

increased secretion of bilirubin and could results in jaundice.

51
Q

Where is haptoglobin produced?

A

in liver

52
Q

What are autografts?

A

transplantation of tissues and organs between same person or animal

53
Q

What are isografts

A

transplantation of tissues and organs between one identical twin to another identical twin.

54
Q

What are Allografts?

A

transplantation of tissues and organs between one human being to another.

55
Q

What are Xenografts?

A

transplantation of tissues and organs between one species to another

56
Q

What results in host rejection responses?

A

cell membranes possess a diverse of constellation of antigens as well as blood groups and their antigens.

57
Q

What is a tremendous problem in transplantation?

A

Immune responses

58
Q

What are immune responses after transplantation?

A

Most recipients are just able to resist invasion of foreign cells as a resist invasion by foreign bacteria.

59
Q

What is glucocorticoid Therapy?

A

to overcome the antigen-antibody reaction in transplanted tissue.

60
Q

What do the glucocorticoids do?

A

Surpress Tcells proliferation.

61
Q

What typical transplantation of tissues and organs have no problems with rejection?

A

Autografts

62
Q

How rejection of transplanted tissue overcome?

A

treatment with drugs that suppress antibody formation.

63
Q

What does cyclosporin A do?

A

It blocks the production of IL-2 and inhibits the formation of helper T cells.

64
Q

Antigens on leukocytes are associated with what?

A

histocompatibility

65
Q

What appear after tissue transplantation?

A

antileukocytes antibodies appear.

66
Q

If Cyclosporin A is blocked what happens to the immune system?

A

It will created a major dysfunction in immune system.

67
Q

What is released by helper T cells and it enhance B-Cell and T-cell activity

A

Cyclosporin A

68
Q

How is plasma used?

A

indiscriminately without regard for blood groups/types.

69
Q

How can plasma be kept after it has been extracted from the body?

A

Kept in frozen state or lyophilized.

70
Q

What does Lyophilized mean?

A

Freeze Dried

71
Q

What does plasma do physiologically?

A

it is a balanced mixture of proteins that, helps restoring the blood volume (osmotic effects).

72
Q

What is considered an artificial transfusion material?

A

Dextran

73
Q

What is Dextran?

A

plasma from other species.

74
Q

What properties does Dextran have?

A

it render a fluid suitable for transfusion are physical rather than chemical.

75
Q

Where the requirements of the Dextran?

A

Molecules of the substance must be of such a size that its solution will not leave the circulation too freely.

76
Q

Artificial transfusion materials must have what approaching that of blood?

A

osmotic pressure and viscosity.

77
Q

Artificial transfusion material should be chemically inert meaning?

A

nontoxic

78
Q

In regards to the corpuscles artificial transfusion materials should be what?

A

isotonic

79
Q

Artificial transfusion materials should not hinder what process?

A

normal plasma protein production.

80
Q

Why must osmotic pressure need to be isotonic for artificial transfusion materials?

A

If not isotonic the person can die.

Mammalian Physiology (7 decks)

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