WBC responses Flashcards
left shift
bone marrow releasing immature cells into peripheral blood
2 types: regenerative and degenerative
regenerative left shift
neutrophilia with a higher amount of mature cells rather than immature cells
favorable response
degenerative left shift
more immature neutrophils than mature
total neutrophil count can be low or slightly elevated
unfavorable prognosis but can be okay in cattle
right shift
hypersegmented nucleus
bone marrow generation time for WBCs
4-6 days
how much supply of neutrophils does the bone marrow maintain in circulation?
a 5 day supply
what is the order of WBC growth?
myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, bands, mature
leukemoid reaction
extremely high leukocyte count
usually very immature cells resembling leukemia but usually due to a different underlying infection
how long does it take for bone marrow to respond to the peripheral demands for neutrophils?
3-5 days
leukopenia: amount and which cell is typically the cause
dog/cat: < 5000 cells/microliter of blood
typically caused by a neutropenia
Pelger-Huet anomoly
impression of degenerative left shift without toxicity
has mature chromatin patterns and condensed band shaped nuclei
genetic fault prevents proper nuclear maturation (inherited from inbreeding)
can be seen in humans, rabbits, purebred dogs, rarely cats
toxicity
cytoplasmic changes primarily associated with neutrophils that result from exposure to bacterial toxins or toxic products of metabolism or tissue necrosis
cell development in bone marrow is arrested during toxic change
what are Dohle bodies?
retention of RNA
toxic granulation
granules of neutrophil precursor cells that are retained throughout various stages of maturation
frequency quantifications
slight (5-10%), moderate (11-30%), marked (>30%)
severity quantifications
1+-2+ toxicity = Dohle bodies, cytoplasmic granules/vacuoles
3+ toxicity = all of above + excessive foaminess
4+ toxicity = all of above + cellular gigantism and/or nuclear lysis
what does increased monocytes usually mean?
tissue necrosis is occurring
what do reactive lymphocytes result in?
increased cell size, intensely basophilic cytoplasm, cytoplasmic granules, may have eccentrically-placed nucleus with perinuclear clear zone
what do reactive monocytes look like?
they have cytoplasmic vacuolization
what are reactive lymphocytes a result of?
immune stimulation or response to inflammation
what does a Mott cell with Russell bodies look like?
a plasma cell that contains pockets of immunoglobulins
plasma cell
differentiated (activated) B lymphocyte in bone marrow, rare in peripheral blood
appear to be rubricytes but cytoplasm is light blue, more abundant and has clear golgi zone with eccentric nucleus
bacteremia
most common from contaminants or stain precipitate
neutrophils and monocytes will engulf bacteria
might see yeast too
