WBC responses

Question 1

left shift

Answer 1

bone marrow releasing immature cells into peripheral blood
2 types: regenerative and degenerative

Question 2

regenerative left shift

Answer 2

neutrophilia with a higher amount of mature cells rather than immature cells
favorable response

Question 3

degenerative left shift

Answer 3

more immature neutrophils than mature
total neutrophil count can be low or slightly elevated
unfavorable prognosis but can be okay in cattle

Question 4

right shift

Answer 4

hypersegmented nucleus

Question 5

bone marrow generation time for WBCs

Answer 5

4-6 days

Question 6

how much supply of neutrophils does the bone marrow maintain in circulation?

Answer 6

a 5 day supply

Question 7

what is the order of WBC growth?

Answer 7

myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, bands, mature

Question 8

leukemoid reaction

Answer 8

extremely high leukocyte count
usually very immature cells resembling leukemia but usually due to a different underlying infection

Question 9

how long does it take for bone marrow to respond to the peripheral demands for neutrophils?

Answer 9

3-5 days

Question 10

leukopenia: amount and which cell is typically the cause

Answer 10

dog/cat: < 5000 cells/microliter of blood
typically caused by a neutropenia

Question 11

Pelger-Huet anomoly

Answer 11

impression of degenerative left shift without toxicity
has mature chromatin patterns and condensed band shaped nuclei
genetic fault prevents proper nuclear maturation (inherited from inbreeding)
can be seen in humans, rabbits, purebred dogs, rarely cats

Question 12

toxicity

Answer 12

cytoplasmic changes primarily associated with neutrophils that result from exposure to bacterial toxins or toxic products of metabolism or tissue necrosis
cell development in bone marrow is arrested during toxic change

Question 13

what are Dohle bodies?

Answer 13

retention of RNA

Question 14

toxic granulation

Answer 14

granules of neutrophil precursor cells that are retained throughout various stages of maturation

Question 15

frequency quantifications

Answer 15

slight (5-10%), moderate (11-30%), marked (>30%)

Question 16

severity quantifications

Answer 16

1+-2+ toxicity = Dohle bodies, cytoplasmic granules/vacuoles
3+ toxicity = all of above + excessive foaminess
4+ toxicity = all of above + cellular gigantism and/or nuclear lysis

Question 17

what does increased monocytes usually mean?

Answer 17

tissue necrosis is occurring

Question 18

what do reactive lymphocytes result in?

Answer 18

increased cell size, intensely basophilic cytoplasm, cytoplasmic granules, may have eccentrically-placed nucleus with perinuclear clear zone

Question 19

what do reactive monocytes look like?

Answer 19

they have cytoplasmic vacuolization

Question 20

what are reactive lymphocytes a result of?

Answer 20

immune stimulation or response to inflammation

Question 21

what does a Mott cell with Russell bodies look like?

Answer 21

a plasma cell that contains pockets of immunoglobulins

Question 22

plasma cell

Answer 22

differentiated (activated) B lymphocyte in bone marrow, rare in peripheral blood
appear to be rubricytes but cytoplasm is light blue, more abundant and has clear golgi zone with eccentric nucleus

Question 23

bacteremia

Answer 23

most common from contaminants or stain precipitate
neutrophils and monocytes will engulf bacteria
might see yeast too