Test 1 study guides Flashcards
left shift is the presence of increased immature neutrophils in the _______ _______
peripheral bloodstream
regenerative left shift is shown by an increased number of _______ cells rather than ________ cells
mature, immature
what are 2 examples of reactive lymphocytes?
plasma cells and mott cells
how many days does it take for bone marrow to generate neutrophils?
4-6 days
RBC maturation order
rubriblast —> prorubricyte —> rubricyte —> metarubricyte —> polychromatophil —> erthyrocyte
what is the largest form of red blood cells?
rubriblast
which red blood cell phase needs to be identified and counted?
reticulocyte
how many reticulocytes does there need to be to initiate a manual count?
> 5 nRBcs
what is the lifespan of an RBC?
50-150 days
what unit is PCV measured in?
percent
which blood tubes can be used to obtain a PCV?
EDTA or heparin
what is the normal PCV for a canine?
37-55%
what would cause a false elevation in PCV in a sick animal?
dehydration
what location would be used to read an accurate PCV?
where the blood and serum meet around halfway up the tube
babesia gibsoni
small form
babesia canis
large form
cytauxzoon felis
fatal
leucocytozoon common name
“loco”
plasmodium looks like
“pushy sausage”
which protozoan has a pear-shaped doublet and is the large form of that parasite?
babesia canis
which parasite is known to be zoonotic causing heart failure and transmitted through kissing bugs?
trypanasomes
Plasmodium ______ the RBC nucleus
displaces
Anaplasma is most commonly found globally in ______ due to tickborne disease
cattle
which parasite doesn’t affect dogs unless they have a splenectomy?
hemotrophic mycoplasma
piroplasmosis usually occurs in all the following animals except:
a. horses
b. donkeys
c. zebras
d. birds
birds
the hemoproteus parasite “hugs” the (WBC/RBC) nucleus
pick one
RBC
the (WBC/RBC) is affected by the hepatozoon parasite
RBC
rickettsial hemoparasites classify as
between bacteria and viral
where can microfilaria be viewed on a blood smear?
feathered edge and monolayer
which protozoan is commonly seen following fighting/racing dogs?
babesia gibsoni
plasmodium is commonly referred to as
avian malaria
which WBC is commonly present with internal parasites?
eosinophils
when reading the sediment the urine should be
spun
which of the following are not a change observed by urine sitting out for too long?
a. bacteria growth
b. change in pH
c. color change
d. disintegration of casts, crystals, and other findings
color change
term for frequent urine dribbling
incontinence
what is the correct order of events for a complete UA?
gross exam, dipstick, SG, sediment
which crystal is most likely to be seen in urine with an acidic pH?
amorphous urate
when looking at the refractometer for urine SG, it is read in g/dL
false
what results on urine dipstick are not reliable in vet med?
leukocytes, nitrite, and urobilinogen
free catch voided
non-invasive, can use anything to catch, “midstream”
catheriterization urine collection
sterile, culture, potential for trauma and infections
cystocentesis
+/- ultrasound, removal of urine from bladder via syringe
bladder compression “free catch”
don’t have to wait for voided, apply slight pressure to bladder, don’t try on a blocked patient
which cell would we see when the body has regenerative anemia?
Howell-Jolly bodies and anisocytosis
heinz bodies are most commonly seen in which animal?
cats
which procedure is associated with high numbers of Howell-Jolly bodies?
splenectomy
which two diseases are associated with high numbers of Heinz bodies?
diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroidism
in which white blood cell are Barr bodies found in normal female animals?
neutrophil
what is the plasma layer made up of in the hematocrit tube?
water and proteins
what is packed cell volume actually measuring?
represents the volume of red blood cells compared to whole blood
what is a normal range for a canine PCV?
35-57%
is PCV manual or machine read?
manually
is HCT manual or machine read?
machine
what makes up the buffy coat?
white blood cells and platelets
how should a PCV be read?
read with the top of the clay layer at 0 and the top of the plasma layer at 100
true or false:
a polychromatophil is only called a reticulocyte when stained with New Methylene Blue
true
what are reticulocytes used to quantify?
anemia
what is another name of an nRBC?
metarubricyte
where is eyrthropoietin produced?
kidney
which is not true regarding RBC maturation?
a. nucleus size increases
b. cell size decreases
c. RNA amount declines
d. hemoglobin increases
nucleus size increases
RBCs are present in circulation for approximately _____ to ______ days
50, 100
a mature reticulocyte with small RNA granules are described as ______
punctate
when counting reticulocytes in a feline, only count ______ forms
aggregate
what description best fits a band neutrophil?
cell with a horseshoe shaped nucleus
what is the difference between a right and left shift?
left shift = band neutrophils present
right shift= hypersegmented neutrophils
what cell holds immature platelets?
megakaryocyte
can neutrophils be reactive?
no
can lymphocytes be reactive?
yes
can basophils be reactive?
no
can eosinophils be reactive?
no
can monocytes be reactive?
yes
what is the correct explanation of how a reactive lymphocyte may appear?
basophilic cytoplasm, increase in cell size, cytoplasmic granules seen
what makes a lymphocyte reactive?
immune stimulation and response to inflammation
what is the appearance of a reactive monocyte’s chromatin?
granular to lacy
monocytes appear with _______ ________ when they are reactive
cytoplasmic vacuolization
what is an overall decrease in circulating leukocytes?
leukopenia
what kind of shift is extremely high leukocyte count?
leukemoid reaction
what is an example of a toxicity change?
Dohle body
neutrophilia
increased neutrophils
monocytosis
increased monocytes
lymphopenia
decreased lymphocytes
neutropenia
decreased neutrophils
which shift includes the presence of increased numbers of immature neutrophils in the peripheral blood?
left shift
what are the signs of excitement seen on a leukogram?
increased WBC, increased neutrophils, increased lymphs in cats
eosinopenia is a sign of what type of leukogram?
stress/excitement
what is the biggest sign of tissue necrosis on a leukogram?
monocytes
what part of a leukogram would be increased for overwhelming inflammation?
bands
what is the transit time for bone marrow generation of chronic inflammation?
4-6 days
what is the correct order of a WBC maturation series from start to finish?
- myeloblast
- promyelocyte
- myelocyte
- metamyelocyte
- band
- neutrophil
what are bands made up of?
immature neutrophils
how is a band identified?
often C-shaped
what is the 5th stage of the maturation cycle for a WBC?
metamyelocyte
how do you classify a hypersegmented neutrophil?
6 distinct lobes
which cell are toxic changes observed in?
neutrophils
which of the following is not observed in toxic change?
a. Dohle bodies
b. basophilic stippling
c. Howell-Jolly bodies
d. cytoplasmic vacuolization
basophilic stippling
how do you write the severity of toxic change?
1+, 2+, 3+, 4+
what are morphologic changes to the cell caused by interruptions to maturation due to?
toxic change
true or false:
we can observe toxic change in RBCs
false
reactive lymphocytes can be a result of?
infection
how would you describe a leukemoid reaction?
extremely high leukocyte count
which reactive change is the most reliable indicator of stress?
lymphopenia
what is another name for target cells?
codocytes
how are acanthocytes shaped?
irregular, blunt, uneven projections
what is a condition associated with keratocytes?
liver disease
when would you see spherocytes in a blood smear?
pets with IMHA
RBC morphology associated with snake bites
echinocytes
polycythemia
increase in RBCs
what is a sign of regenerative anemia?
HJ bodies and metarubricytes
what are the normal levels of RBCs in dogs?
5.5 - 8.5 x 10^6 /uL
in a corrected retic count what shows regenerative anemia in a feline?
> 0.4%
what are the clinical signs of polycythemia vera?
lethargy
what is the normal total protein reading for cats?
6.0-8.0 g/dL
what is the normal total protein reading for dogs?
6.0-8.0 g/dL
what can cause a high TP reading?
dehydration
what can cause a decrease in TP?
liver or kidney disease
what tool do you use to measure TP?
refractometer
what is the most common cause of polycythemia?
dehydration
what values are also elevated along with red blood cell count when a patient has dehydration polycythemia?
total protein and hematocrit
when a patient is suspected of having anemia which mechanisms are affected?
MCV, MCHC, and Hg
what hemostasis defect can cause anemia in a patient?
rodenticide
what causes primary polycethemia?
polycythemia vera
what causes secondary polycethemia?
heart disease and pneumonia
what causes an inappropriate response polycythemia?
renal disease
a dehydrated cat comes in and you run a TP, what might you expect to see as a result?
10 g/dL
what unit is TP measured?
g/dL
what sample can be used to determine TP?
serum and plasma
which of the following possesses a nucleus that could be described as pyknotic and what does that mean?
Barr bodies, inactive remains of one of the two chromosomes
what percent of heinz bodies are seen in healthy cats but may indicate anemia in dogs?
5%
what sex experiences a low number of Barr bodies in healthy animals?
female
what inclusion is increased via the surgical removal of an organ and what is that organ?
Howell Jolly bodies, spleen
what inclusion when increased in a feline patient is referred to as “old cat disease”?
heinz bodies
red blood cells that appear clumped together and don’t separate after performing a saline test can be associated with which condition?
IMHA
a blood smear is made with blood that has been stored in the fridge for a few days. When looking under the microscope, symmetrical spiky projections are seen. Which RBC morphology is this most likely to be?
echinocytes
what is another name for a metarubricyte?
nRBC
what are the nuclear remnants in RBCs called?
Howell-Jolly bodies
target cell
codocyte
fragmented cell
schistocyte
slitted or mouth shaped cell
stomatocyte
teardrop cell
dacrocyte
which one of the following lab abnormalities is frequently seen with acetaminophen toxicity in cats?
methmemoglobinuria
what kind of problem may result in cellular cast containing WBCs in the urine sediment of a dog?
pyelonephritis (kidney infection)
a red colored urine sample could be due to hematuria, hemoglobinuria, or myoglobinuria. Which one of the following is the easiest way to determine the difference between hematuria and myoglobinuria?
spin down urine sample
which animal normally has cloudy urine and why?
horses, calcium carbonate crystals
what lab result would you expect in a cat with diabetes mellitus?
increased urine glucose, increased blood glucose
when drawing blood from a cat who is stressed how can it alter blood results?
lymphopenia
it is the most probable indicator of stress
true or false:
regenerative left shift is when the neutrophils are lower than the immature cells
false
inflammation can be indicated by neutrophilic left shift, persistent eosinophilia, and monocytosis, but what else can indicate inflammation?
physiologic leukocytes and stress leukogram
what does a Pelger-huet anomaly indicate?
Pelger-huet anomaly is the impression of degenerative left shift without the toxicity
true or false:
a glucocorticoid would indicate increased eosinophils
false
which of the following describes the general leukocyte response to acute inflammation?
leukocytosis, neutrophilia, a left shift, lymphopenia, and varying monocyte/eosinophil amounts
what are the best indicators of inflammation?
neutrophilic left shift, persistent eosinophilia, monocytosis
in which animal do Dohle bodies indicate serious toxemia?
dogs
what is epinephrine associated with?
acute stress and adrenaline
what is the most reliable indicator of stress?
lymphopenia
what are some common diseases associated with severe toxemia?
feline pyothorax, pyometra, canine prostatitis
what are some non-infectious conditions associated with severe toxemia?
tissue necrosis, heavy metal toxicosis, cytotoxic drug therapy
left shift is characterized by an increase in the number of _______ neutrophils in the peripheral blood
immature
true or false:
a degenerative left shift is a more favorable prognosis than a regenerative left shift
false
true or false:
low numbers of Dohle bodies may be found in healthy cats
true
which type of WBC is most associated with tissue necrosis?
monocytes
which WBC can help differentiate between acute and chronic inflammation?
monocytes
your patient presents with inflammation but the overall WBC count is decreased. what type of inflammation is your patient experiencing?
overwhelming
lymphocytopenia is associated with ______ stress
chronic
______ left shift is associated with more mature than immature cells
non-regenerative
