Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pathology II > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

which cells are part of the innate immunity?

A

macrophage, mast cell, natural killer cell, complement protein, dendritic cell, neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which cells are part of the adaptive immunity?

A

B cell, antibodies, cytokines, T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which cells are part of both innate immunity and adaptive immunity?

A

y-delta T cell and natural killer T cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cytokines

A

proteins used for communication between cells
triggers immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

interleukins (ILs)

A

type of cytokine
made by WBCs and acts on other WBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

interferons (IFNs)

A

type of cytokine
coordinate responses to infections, activates NK cells and macrophages, protects uninfected cells, “interferes” with tumor growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what parts of the body make up the innate/passive or non-specific immunity?

A

skin/mm, normal flora (commensal bacteria), lysosomes (digestive enzymes), inflammatory response to antigens: phagocytes, natural killer cells secrete perforin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are natural killer cells?

A

a type of lymphocyte
attacks antigens without stimulation from another cell type
secretes perforin: cell will die, capable of responding within hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

leukocyte (WBCs) description

A

part of innate immunity
neutrophils: phagocytic, release of antimicrobial substances, live for a few days
eosinophils: antiparasitic proteins, work with basophils and mast cells in allergic responses
basophils: coordinate inflammation response, allergies and parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

natural killer cell description

A

part of innate immunity
infected cells in body release interferon which activates NK cells to release more interferon
interferon protects uninfected cells
interferon “interferes” with tumor growth
NK cells locate and recognize abnormal cells without “learning”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

macrophage description

A

part of innate immunity
monocytes: circulate for a few days, develop into macrophages, phagocytic
macrophages: sentinels, phagocytic, removes dead/damaged cells, present pieces of antigens to T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

dendritic cells

A

part of innate immunity
related to monocytes, long branched cells like a tree
present information to T-cells to initiate adaptive immune response
can take 24-72 hours to activate T-cells
bridge between innate and adaptive immunity: relays important information about pathogen to T-cells to mount a protective immune reponse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

mast cells

A

found on skin and connective tissue
sentinels: signals (cytokines) waiting to be activated
granules release histamine and heparin
receptors for IgE
allergic and inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mast cell activation

A

direct stimulation: ex. bee sting, cold exposure
when exposed to antigen IgE is primed for the mast cells degenerate
histamine and heparin: causes vasodilation leading to edema, warmth, redness, attraction of other inflammatory cells to site of release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

adaptive/specific immunity

A

bone marrow stem cells: B and T lymphs
1. humoral/specific immunity
2. cell-mediated immunity
primary immune response = 1st time antigen is encountered
secondary immune response = subsequent encounters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

humoral/specific immunity

A

B-lymphocytes
antibody response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

T-lymphocytes
cellular response (phagocytic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

B-lymphocytes

A

differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies
memory B cells: long lived, “remembers” antigens, faster responses
B cells mature in bone marrow or Bursa of Fabricus in birds before moving to secondary lymphoid organs (spleen and lymph nodes)
each B cell develops a specific receptor to a specific antigen and produces antibody clones to that antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

immunoglobulins

A

antibodies
part of humoral immunity
bind to epitope of antigens
adjuvant: substance added to vaccines to enhance antigenicity
5 classes or isotropes

20
Q

epitope

A

marker molecule

21
Q

how do antibodies bind to an antigen?

A

each antibody has 2 Fab regions that bind to the antigen
Fc is a constant region and has unique functions for different Ab classes

22
Q

IgM

A

largest antibody
primary immune response
activates compliment (classical cascade)

23
Q

IgG

A

secondary immune response
most abundant in blood
neutralizes microbes/toxins
crosses placental barrier (passive transfer)

24
Q

IgA

A

body secretions (tears, mucus, colostrum)

25
Q

IgE

A

hypersensitivity reactions, coats cell for eosinophil
too much = damage to self (allergies, anaphylaxis)

26
Q

IgD

A

surface of lymphocytes, acts as an antigen receptor for B cells

27
Q

how are antibody isotypes categorized?

A

according to differences in their amino acid sequence on the Fc of antibody

28
Q

antigen-antibody complex or immune complex

A

actual molecule created by bound Ag and Ab
can play a beneficial role in eliminating disease but can damage tissue in certain conditions

29
Q

what cells are included in cell-mediated immunity?

A

T-lymphocytes and phagocytes

30
Q

cell-mediated immunity function

A

macrophage engulfs pathogen —> presents piece of pathogen to T-cell —-> T-cell communicates with B-cells and produces cytokines —> activates antibody production and cell destruction
T-lymphocytes produced in bone marrow but develop in thymus

31
Q

helper T-cells

A

CD4+
produce cytokines, activate B-cells, activate macrophages

32
Q

killer T-cells

A

cytotoxic
produces substances that “pop” holes in damaged cells

33
Q

how do helper T-cells and B-cells work together?

A

antigen present —> T helper cells produce cytokines to activate B-cells —> B-cell divides and differentiates into antibody clones

34
Q

AIDS/FIV

A

virus attaches to T helper cell and decreases number of them as well as impacts cytokine communication
when numbers of these cells get to a certain low level it is considered AIDS

35
Q

regulatory cell

A

CD25+
suppressor T-cells
keep system from getting out of control, autoimmune disease overwhelms suppressor cells
ANA: anti-nuclear antibody test

36
Q

complement system

A

proteins that “compliment” inflammatory (phagocytes) and antibody response
lysis of cells
integral to innate and adaptive immunity, can be activated early in infection even before antibody response
has 3 pathways that produce a cascade of reactions once activated

37
Q

opsonization

A

“tags” pathogens for destruction and phagocytosis
performed by complement system

38
Q

what are the pathways of the complement system?

A

lectin and alternate pathways (innate immune response)
classical pathway (adaptive immune response: antibodies)

39
Q

immune tolerance

A

self discrimination: as lymphs develop antigen receptors, they will develop them for the body’s own cells; in healthy animals the immune system discriminates between self and non-self
suppressor or regulatory lymphocytes: prevent self reactive lymphs from differentiating and proliferating

40
Q

lymphoma

A

proliferation of lymphocytes

41
Q

which disease is immunosuppression seen in?

A

seen in FIV

42
Q

hypersensitivity type 1

A

type 1: mast cells (allergies-IgE-anaphylactic shock)
immediate hypersensitivity when chemical mediators from mast cells are released

43
Q

hypersensitivity type 2

A

autoimmunity (IMHA)
antibodies directed against the animal’s own cells

44
Q

hypersensitivity type 3

A

increased AG (immune complex disease)
antigen-antibody complexes formed that deposit in vessels

45
Q

hypersensitivity type 4

A

cell mediated disease (in tissues)
ex: dermatitis, doesn’t involve antibodies

46
Q

antigenic drift and shift

A

antigenic drift: mutations
antigenic shift: new strain created

Clinical Pathology II (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions