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Clinical Pathology II > Anemia/cell inclusions/parasites > Flashcards

Anemia/cell inclusions/parasites Flashcards

1
Q

anemia

A

absolute decrease in PCV, Hg concentration, and/or RBC count
clinical sign of disease, not a diagnosis

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2
Q

MCV in anemia

A

mean corpuscular volume, RBC size
normocytic, macrocytic, microcytic

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3
Q

MCHC in anemia

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, Hg concentration
normochromic or hypochromic

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4
Q

how is anemia classified?

A

by RBC size and Hg concentration
then we look at bone marrow response and see if we have certain mechanisms occurring that are causing anemia

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5
Q

causes of anemia

A

blood loss/hemorrhage
this can happen from trauma, surgery, GI ulcers, hemostatic defects (DIC, rodenticide, sweet clover toxicosis), parasitism, neoplasia, vitamin K deficiency

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6
Q

possible clinical signs of anemia

A

tachycardia, tachypnea

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7
Q

what happens in the body as anemia sets in?

A

PCV is initially within reference range because all blood components will be equally lost (plasma and cells)
splenic contraction occurs as body starts to try to compensate
interstitial fluids shift in and out of cells to try to increase BP and blood volume, this dilutes red cell mass = PCV, Hg, RBC count decreases = anemia, low protein

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8
Q

how are signs of anemia seen in chronic blood loss?

A

slower signs of anemia because the body adapts

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9
Q

RBC indices

A

MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW
RDW = red cell distribution width: variation in size and volume

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10
Q

hemolysis (IMHA)

A

hallmarks: spherocytosis, autoagglutination, positive Coombs test (antibodies against RBCs)
hemolysis is usually immune mediated but can be caused by toxins or infections

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11
Q

reduced/defective erythropoiesis

A

can be caused by bone marrow damage, neoplasia, chronic renal disease, or infection

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12
Q

bone marrow damage reduced/defective erythropoiesis signs

A

non-regenerative anemia and pancytopenia (granulocytes affected first, then platelets, then RBCs)

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13
Q

neoplasia caused reduced/defective erythropoiesis

A

caused by blood loss from bleeding tumors or effects on bone marrow

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14
Q

which infections can cause reduced/defective erythropoiesis?

A

Ehrlichia, FeLV, feline panleukopenia, parvo

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15
Q

regenerative anemia

A

bone marrow responding to demand
increased MCV (macrocytosis or anisocytosis), basophilic erythrocytes, higher amount of RNA released from bone marrow with lower number of reticuloytes

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16
Q

retic count

A

polychromatophils in NMB
cats: only count aggregate
reticulocytosis = regenerative anemia

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17
Q

basophilic stippling

A

punctate aggregates of RNA
shows regeneration in bovids
dogs/cats: basophilic stippling but minimal polychromasia could be lead toxicity (> 10 nRBCs/100 cell diff)

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18
Q

aggregate vs punctate

A

aggregate is like clumps of residual RNA
punctate is like little dots of RNA, aggregate broken up, aka basophilic stippling
punctate more mature

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19
Q

how do you perform a retic count?

A
  1. mix together fresh blood and NMB
  2. incubate for at least 15 minutes
  3. make a blood smear
  4. look under microscope to obtain % of retics in 10 fields (# of retics divided by 1000 multiplied by 100)
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20
Q

what is the one animal you can’t do a retic count for?

A

horses because they don’t release retics from the bone marrow
maturation is confined to bone marrow

21
Q

how do you calculate corrected retic count?

A

retic % times observed PCV/HCT divided by normal PCV/HCT

22
Q

what is the normal PCV/HCT in dogs and cats?

A

dogs: 45%
cats: 37%

23
Q

how do you calculate absolute retic count?

A

retic % (converted to a decimal) times total RBC count/uL

24
Q

reticulocyte production idex (RPI)

A

usually used in human med, can only be applied to dogs because we have lack of information for other species
corrected retic % divided by maturation time based on observed HCT

25
Q

retic maturation index

A

HCT: 45% = 1x faster maturation
HCT: 35% = 1.4x faster maturation
HCT: 25% = 2x faster maturation
HCT: 15% = 2.5x faster maturation

26
Q

polycythemia

A

increased circulating RBCs
causes: relative or absolute

27
Q

relative polycythemia

A

dehydration cause
most common polycythemia
will have increased TP and HCT as well

28
Q

absolute polycythemia

A

true polycythemia
1. primary: polycythemia vera = very rare, dogs/cats may have RBC population of 65-75%, blood becomes thick and has difficulty moving through small vessels = fewer nutrients and O2 delivered, animals feel tired, sluggish, weak, seizures
2. secondary: compensatory response (appropriate response) = body responding to reduced oxygenation of tissues, usually compensating for heart disease or pneumonia
3. inappropriate response = renal disease, kidneys can cause increased erythropoietin release

29
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies

A

nuclear remnants
normal in low numbers in cats and horses
sign of regenerative anemia
seen in animals that had a splenectomy since the spleen removes these normally

30
Q

heinz bodies

A

cats most common
round angular retractile bodies - confirm on NMB
denatured Hg
caused by toxicity: onions, acetaminophen, propylene glycol
disease causing: diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism
40% of cats with increased amounts is usually from metabolic disease: diabetes, pancreatitis (ketones damaging Hg) “old cat dz”

31
Q

eccentrocytes

A

hemoglobin pushed to the side
same as heinz bodies

32
Q

barr body

A

pyknotic inactive remains of 1 of the 2 X chromosomes
low numbers seen in neutrophils of normal female animals

33
Q

Babesia canis

A

protozoan hemoparasite
large form
tick vector
affects large animals
causes hemolytic anemia
pear shaped droplets or pyramid shaped with pinpoint magenta center

34
Q

Babesia gibsoni

A

protozoan hemoparasite
cignet ring shape, harder to see than Babesia canis
common in US
causes hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia
small form
very serious strain in pit bulls and greyhounds through bites (breeds used for racing/fighting)
bites or vertical transmission
PCR testing available
single, paired, or tetrad oval inclusions usually on feathered edge

35
Q

piroplasmosis

A

protozoan hemoparasite
seen in equids: horses, donkeys, zebras
tick vector
USDA reportable
we are free of this disease
50% mortality

36
Q

cytauxzoon felis

A

protozoan hemoparasite
tick transmission: commonly lone star tick
causes non-regenerative hemolytic anemia: usually thrombosis will cause fatality, some virulence variability (some survival in Arkansas cats unexplained)
fatal
same look as small form babesia
bobcat reservoir host
infection more likely in cats not receiving prophylaxis
PCR testing available

37
Q

cytauxzoon felis CS

A

reduced appetite, followed rapidly by anorexia, lethargy, sometimes vocalization (interpreted to be pain or discomfort)
usually see pronounced fever

38
Q

hepatazoon

A

protozoan hemoparasite
affects WBCs
classified as H. americanum: causes severe disease
American canine hepatazoonosis (ACH): causes mild disease in other areas of world
ACH is an EID (emerging infectious disease): severe disease in Gulf Coast
caused by ingestion of infected ticks
fatal if untreated
gamonts = large oblong structure displaces nucleus

39
Q

hemoproteus

A

RBC protozoan of wild birds
“hugs” RBC nucleus
CS vary by species
frequently causes fatalities in pigeons and doves

40
Q

leucocytozoon

A

protozoan infects RBC and WBC
distorts cell “loco”: gametocytes distort host cell elongating and distending cell
arthropod vector
causes mild to severe anemia

41
Q

plasmodium

A

protozoan hemoparasite
avian malaria
“pushy sausage” (displaces RBC nucleus)
mosquito vector
causes anemia
related species causes disease in reptiles, mammals, humans in tropical areas
gametes in RBC cause nuclear displacement

42
Q

hemogregarines

A

protozoan hemoparasite
affects RBCs
affects reptiles especially snakes
sausage shaped gametes in cytoplasm of RBCs which displaces nucleus
usually non-pathogenic but increased stress can increase infection and cause mortality

43
Q

trypanasomes

A

protozoan hemoparasite
seen in tropics: sleeping sickness
elongated, flagellated protozoans
extracellular
cattle, sheep, wild birds, reptiles, fish affected
pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains (usually non-pathogenic in US)
Chagas (American trypanosomiasis): T. cruzi: seen in the South
zoonotic
transmitted by kissing bug or eating infected bugs/rodents
causes heart failure

44
Q

hemotrophic mycoplasma

A

bacteria hemoparasite
hemofelis/hemocanis
hemobartonella
arthropod vector (fleas), vertical or direct transmission
can detach from RBC: PCR test
cocci-like: smallest free-living microorganism
dogs don’t typically develop disease unless they had a splenectomy
huge variety: some can infect humans, only some cause clinical illness but seeing more outbreaks in sheep, cattle, pigs
causes agglutination/IMHA in symptomatic animals and mild to fatal anemia in cats (feline infectious anemia: FIA)

45
Q

anaplasma

A

bacteria hemoparasite
looks like mycoplasma
high prevalence in cattle globally: A. marginale
tickborne
causes fatal hemolytic anemia
dogs responsive to treatment of antibiotics or can be asymptomatic
up to 50% mortality

46
Q

rickettsial

A

somewhere between bacteria and virus

47
Q

ehrlichia canis

A

rickettsial hemoparasite
one of the most common blood parasites in small animals
affects neutrophils during acute infection and then moves into monocytes
tick transmission: Rhipicephalus (brown dog tick)
packets of morulae (bacterial organisms) seen in RBCs
can affect dogs, horses, llama, cats
CS: thrombocytopenia, fever, lethargy, renal failure

48
Q

distemper

A

viral
variable in size and stain pink to light purple
highly contagious, widespread throughout US in wild carnivores

49
Q

microfilaria (dirofilaria)

A

extracellular
large!
round head and tapered tail
dark purple stippled internal organs

Clinical Pathology II (15 decks)

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