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MED 101- PHYSICS I > WAVES (PART 5) > Flashcards

WAVES (PART 5) Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. Where does air need to cause vibrations?
A
  • air needs to cause vibrations
  • these need to be produced in the larynx
  • this is where the vocal chords and folds are
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2
Q
  1. What are Vocal Chords?
A
  • they are the bands of muscular tissue
  • they have variable and controlled dimensions
  • they have tension and elasticity
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3
Q
  1. What is the space between the Vocal cords called?
A
  • the Glottis
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4
Q
  1. What makes the the vocal cords oscillate easily?
A
  • the flexible structure of the vocal cords
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5
Q
  1. What is the main organ in the process of Speech Perception?
A
  • the ear
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6
Q
  1. Which 3 parts does the ear consist of?
A
  1. the outer ear
  2. the middle ear
  3. the inner ear
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7
Q
  1. What does the outer ear consist of?
A
  • it is made up of three parts:
    1. Pinna
    2. Ear Canal
    3. Eardrum
    (Tympanic Membrane)
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8
Q
  1. What is the Pinna?
A
  • the flesh part we see on the sides of our heads
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9
Q
  1. What happens when the sounds waves travel to the Pinna and the Canal?
A
  • the sound waves are channelled
  • they are slightly modified by the pinna and the canal
  • these waves cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate
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10
Q
  1. What is the main function of the outer ear?
A
  • it catches sound waves
  • this is accomplished by the Pinna
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11
Q
  1. What is the direction of the Pinna?
A
  • the Pinna is pointed forward
  • it has a number of curves
  • this allows it to be able to catch the sound and
    determine its direction
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12
Q
  1. What happens after the sound reaches the Pinna?
A
  • it is guided to the middle ear
  • this is through the use of the external auditory canal
  • this is until it reaches the eardrum
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13
Q
  1. Which structure is found in the Middle Ear?
A
  • a series of small bones
  • these are suspended by ligaments
  • these are known as Ossicles
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14
Q
  1. Where exactly are the Ossicles found?
A
  • they sit in a bony enclosure
  • this is connected to the Oral Cavity by the Eustachian
    Tube
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15
Q
  1. Which of the Ossicles connected to the Tympanic Membrane?
A
  • the Malleus
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16
Q
  1. What does the Malleus connect to?
A
  • it connects to the Incus
  • this in turn connects to the Stapes
  • the Stapes is connected to the Oval Window

NB:
the movement of the ossicles causes the movement in the fluid inside the cochlea

17
Q
  1. What is the Main Function of the Middle Ear?
A
  • it is there to magnify the sound pressure

NB:
- this is because the inner ear transfers sound through
fluid and not air
- the middle and the outer ear transfer sound through
air

18
Q
  1. What does the Inner Ear start with?
A
  • the inner ear starts with the Cochlea
  • this is a cavity that is encased in bone
  • it is filled with a fluid
  • the cochlea is coiled up like a snake shell
  • it has a length of 3.5m when it is stretched out
19
Q
  1. What is the Cochlea divided into?
A
  • the Cochlea is internally divided into two halves by a
    membrane
20
Q
  1. On which membrane are sound waves turned into signals?
A
  • the Basilar Membrane
21
Q
  1. What does the Cochlea perform?
A
  • Spectral Analysis of the Speech signal
22
Q
  1. What is the Input Stimulus split into?
A
  • it is split into several frequency bands
  • these are all called Critical Bands
23
Q
  1. What happens in each critical band?
A
  • the ear averages the energies of the frequencies within
    each critical band
  • this forms a compressed representation of the original
    stimulus
24
Q
  1. What are the four steps in the Hearing Process within the ear?
A
  1. the sound wave enters the outer ear
  2. the movement of the tympanic membrane is
    transferred by conduction
    . it is transferred through the Ossicles to the oval
    window of the cochlea
  3. the movement of the oval window generates a
    compressional (sound) wave
    . it generates the wave in the fluid of the Cochlea
  4. the sound wave moves the Basilar Membrane
    . the primary auditory receptors (the hair cells are
    located on this membrane
    . the hair cells generate electrical signals
    . these are sent to the brain
25
Q
  1. From which points do the Normal-human Auditory system sensitivity start from?
A
  • they start from about 20 Hz
  • they go up to 20 kHz
26
Q
  1. What frequencies is the ear most sensitive to?
A
  • it is most sensitive to frequencies between 100 Hz and
    4000 Hz
27
Q
  1. Which sound levels are considered harmful?
A
  • sound levels about 85 dB
28
Q
  1. Which sound levels are considered unsafe?
A
  • any sounds above the pain threshold
  • this threshold is 120 dB
  • these are unsafe
29
Q
  1. What sound levels cause physical damage to the human body?
A
  • sounds above 150 dB cause physical damage to the
    human body
30
Q
  1. What do safety organisations do to avoid hearing damage?
A
  • they recommend exposure to no more than 85-90 dB
    for 8 hours a day
  • 100 dB for 2 hours a day
  • 110 dB for 30 minutes a day
31
Q
  1. At which dB can eardrums rupture?
A
  • the eardrums rupture at 190 dB to 198 dB
  • sound levels around 200 dB can cause death to
    humans
32
Q
  1. What is the main way that hearing loss is evaluated?
A
  • by determining the Threshold for hearing pure tones from about 125-8000 Hz
33
Q
  1. What is the Hearing Threshold (HL) usually expressed as?
A
  • it is expressed as the threshold value of hearing
  • it is expressed in dB HL versus audio frequency
34
Q
  1. What happens to the the threshold expressed in dB HL at each frequency?
A
  • the threshold in dB HL is expressed in dB minus
  • dB minus is the reference normal value in dB
35
Q
  1. What is normal hearing defined as?
A
  • it is defined as 0 dB at all levels that are considered audible
36
Q
  1. What are the dB parameters for people who are said to have normal hearing?
A
  • a dB HL of less than and equal to 15
  • these are people who are considered to have an average frequency response
37
Q
  1. What is hearing loss defined as?
A

SLIGHT HEARING LOSS:
- average value of 16-25 dB HL

MILD HEARING LOSS:
- average value of 26-40 dB HL

MODERATE HEARING LOSS:
- average value of 41-55 dB HL

MODERATELY SEVERE HEARING LOSS:
- average value of 56-70 dB HL

SEVERE HEARING LOSS:
- average value of 71-90 dB HL

PROFOUND HEARING LOSS:
- greater than 90 dB HL

38
Q
  1. How would this graph be read?
A
  • it would be left from left to right

MED 101- PHYSICS I (28 decks)

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