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MED 101- PHYSICS I > 14. CHARACTERISTIC PRESSURES IN THE BODY (PART 2) > Flashcards

14. CHARACTERISTIC PRESSURES IN THE BODY (PART 2) Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What is one way to directly measure pressure?
A
  • with a Manometer
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2
Q
  1. What is the measured pressure in the Manometer corresponding with?
A
  • the height of the fluid column
    PLUS
  • the reference pressure

THEREFORE:
P = Preference + pgh

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3
Q
  1. When is the Manometer commonly used?
A
  • it is commonly used to measure small and moderate pressure differences
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4
Q
  1. What does a Manometer usually contain?
A
  • one or more fluids
  • such as:
    - mercury
    - water
    - alcohol
    - oil

LOOKING AT THE IMAGE:
At point 1 and 2
- the pressures are equal
- this is due to Pascal’s Law
- there is a force existent due to the Pressure

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5
Q
  1. What is the most common way to measure blood pressure?
A
  • with the use of a Sphygmomanometer
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6
Q
  1. What does a Sphygmomanometer consist of?
A
  • a cuff
  • a squeeze bulb
  • a mater
  • all of this measures the pressure in the cuff
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7
Q
  1. What are the two types of Pressure Gauges used in Sphygmomanometers?
A
  1. Mercury Manometer
  2. Aneroid Manometer
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8
Q
  1. How is pressure indicated in a Mercury manometer?
A
  • the pressure is indicated by the height of the column of mercury inside the glass
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9
Q
  1. How is the pressure measured in an Aneroid Manometer?
A
  • the pressure changes the shape of the sealed flexible container
  • this causes the needle to move on the dial
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10
Q
  1. What can act as a crude pressure indicator?
A
  • specific parts of the body
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11
Q
  1. Provide two examples where parts of the body act as Crude Pressure Indicators?
A
  1. A PERSON IN AN AIRPLANE:
    - will feel the changes in atmospheric pressure
    - in their ears
  2. THE SIZE OF THE VEINS AT THE BACK OF THE HAND:
    - as the hand is slightly raised above the level of the
    heart
    - these veins become smaller
    - this is due to a lower venous blood pressure
    - it is more difficult to pump the pressure up
    - the pressure will fluctuate
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12
Q
  1. in every heart beat cycle (1/s), what can be said about the variations in the blood pressure in the major arteries?
A
  • the blood pressure in the major arteries varies
    between:
    - 120 mmHg (Systolic)
    - 80 mmHg (Diastolic)
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13
Q
  1. What happens when the pressure in the Aneroid Manometer cuff exceeds the Systolic Pressure?
A
  • there is no blood flow to the lower arm
  • there are no sounds that can be heard
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14
Q
  1. What happens when the pressure in the Aneroid Manometer cuff is lowered with the release bulb to just below the Systolic Pressure?
A
  • there is now intermittent flow of blood
  • the flow fluctuates
  • sound is now produced
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15
Q
  1. What is the pattern of the blood flow when using an Aneroid Manometer?
A
  1. Smooth
  2. Turbulent
  3. Transitional
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16
Q
  1. What does the intermittent flow produce because it is Turbulent?
A
  • gurgling sounds
  • these are called Korotkoff
  • also known as K Sounds
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17
Q
  1. What happens to the K Sounds as the Aneroid Manometer cuff pressure is lowered?
A
  • the K sounds become louder
  • and then they become lower
  • they continue to be heard until the cuff pressure
    decreases to the diastolic pressure
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18
Q
  1. What happens to the K Sounds as the blood flow is no longer interrupted?
A
  • the K Sounds cease
  • this is because the blood flow is no longer turbulent
19
Q
  1. What denotes the Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressures?
A
  • the onset and the end of the K Sounds
20
Q
  1. What does the Brain consist of?
A
  • approximately 150 cm³ of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • these are found in a series of interconnected openings
    (ventricles)
21
Q
  1. What happens if there is a block in the ventricles at birth?
A
  • the Cerebral Spinal Fluid is trapped inside the skull
  • this increases the internal pressure
  • this increased pressure causes the skull to enlarge
  • a condition known as Hydrocephalus
22
Q
  1. How can Hydrocephalus be detected?
A
  • the Cerebral Spinal Fluid cannot be measured directly

THEREFORE:
- we measure the circumference of the skull
- just above the ears

23
Q
  1. What is the function of the clear fluid in the eyeball?
A
  • it transmits the light to the retina
  • it is kept under a specific pressure
  • it maintains the eyeball in a fixed shape and size
24
Q
  1. What is the pressure range for the normal eye?
A
  • it ranges from 1.6 to 3 kPa
25
Q
  1. What happens if the pressure increases in the Eyeball?
A
  • it can restrict the blood supply to the Retina
  • this will affect vision
  • this condition is called Glaucoma
26
Q
  1. How is the pressure in the eye measured?
A
  • with Tonometers
  • these measure the amount of indentation produced by a known force
27
Q
  1. Which pressure is larger than the atmospheric pressure?
A
  • the pressure is most of the gastrointestinal system
28
Q
  1. What can be said about the Pressure in the Oesophagus?
A
  • the pressure is coupled to the pressure between the lungs and the chest wall
  • this is known as Intrathoracic Pressure
    (this is usually less than Atmospheric Pressure)
29
Q
  1. How is the Intrathoracic Pressure sometimes determined?
A
  • by measuring the pressure in the Oesophagus
30
Q
  1. What happens to the pressure in the stomach when we eat?
A
  • the pressure in the stomach increases as the walls of the stomach are stretched
  • this is mostly due to the air being swallowed during eating
31
Q

31.What does air trapped in the stomach cause?

A
  • burping
  • belching
  • this air can be seen on an X-Ray of the chest
32
Q
  1. What generates gas in the gut?
A
  • the bacterial action increases the pressure
  • this generates gas
  • gas is also known as flatus
  • external factors can affect gut pressures
    (such as belts)
33
Q
  1. Where are the highest pressures in the body found?
A
  • in the weight bearing joints
  • these pressures are called: STRESSES
34
Q
  1. What is the stress on the Knee Joint when all the weight of one leg is placed on the Joint?
A
  • it may be more than 10⁶ Pascals
  • this is equal to 10 atm
    (atmospheric pressures)
35
Q
  1. What aspect of the joints prevents the stress that they experience from being even higher?
A
  • the relatively large area
36
Q
  1. What is one of the most noticeable Internal pressures in the body?
A
  • the pressure in the bladder
  • this is a result of the accumulation of urine
37
Q
  1. What is Cystometry?
A
  • a clinical diagnostic procedure
  • it is used to measure the forces in the bladder
38
Q
  1. What does a Cystometrogram plot?
A
  • it plots the volume of the liquid
    against the intravesicular pressure
39
Q
  1. When does bladder pressure increase?
A
  • during coughing
  • during sneezing
  • during straining
  • during sitting up
  • during a stressful situation
  • during pregnancy
  • when the weight of the foetus over the bladder increases the pressure
  • this also causes frequent urination
40
Q
  1. Read through Summary 1.
    Does everything make sense?
A
  • yes
41
Q
  1. Read through Summary 2.
    Does everything make sense?
A
  • yes
42
Q
  1. Read through Summary 3.
    Does everything make sense?
A
  • yes
43
Q
  1. Read through Summary 4.
    Does everything make sense?
A
  • yes

MED 101- PHYSICS I (28 decks)

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