Water Supply & Distrubution Flashcards by Candice Mae Pableo

Consists of water service pipe, water supply line, water distributing pipe and the necessary branch pipes, fittings, values and all appurtenances required for the supply of potable water

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

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also known as street main

WATER MAIN

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water supply pipe for public or community use

WATER MAIN OR STREET MAIN

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pipe from street water main to the bldg served

SERVICE PIPE

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pipe carrying potable water from water meter or other source of water supply to a bldg or other point of use or distribution on the lot

BUILDING SUPPLY

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shall also mean water service pipe

BUILDING SUPPLY

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conveys potable water from bldg supply pipe to plumbing fixtures

WATER DISTRIBUTING PIPE

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water supply pipe extending vertically to one full story or more

RISER

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pipe between the fixture supply pipe and the water-distributing pipe

FIXTURE BRANCH

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pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch

FIXTURE SUPPLY

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what is the minimum depth of water service yard piping below the ground level

A. 0.3m
B. 3m
C. 0.03 m
D. 30m

A. 0.3m

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water pipes shall not be run be laid in the same trench as bldg sewer or storm drainage unless bottom of water pipes is _______ above the top of the sewer or drain line

A. 0.3m
B. 3m
C. 0.03 m
D. 30m

A. 0.3 m

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What is the minimum horizontal distance between sewer or drain line & water line

A. 0.03 m
B. 3m
C. 0.3 m
D. 30m

C. 0.3m

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water pipes crossing sewer or drainage piping constructed of clay or materials, not approved for use within a slag shall be laid a minimum of ___________above the sewer or drainpipe

A. 0.03 m
B. 3m
C. 0.3 m
D. 30m

C. 0.3m

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All small-sized malleable iron water fittings shall be _________

A. Non-presurrized
B. Galvanized
C. Non-galvanized
D. Pressurized

B. Galvanized

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What is the maximum lead content in water pipes and fittings?

A. 2%
B. 80%
C. 75%
D. 8%

D. 8%

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minimum water supply pressure that should be reached otherwise an elevated tank or booster pump must be installed

A. 103 kpa or 15 psi
B. 551 kpa or 80 psi
C. 55.61 kpa or 8.07 psi
D. 1033 kpa or 149.82 psi

A. 103 kpa or 15 psi

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excess in pressure wherein pressure regulator preceded by an adequately sized strainer must be installed

A. 103 kpa or 15 psi
B. 551 kpa or 80 psi
C. 55.61 kpa or 8.07 psi
D. 1033 kpa or 149.82 psi

B.551 kpa or 80 psi

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what is the maximum pressure setting of pressure relief value

A. 103 kpa or 15 psi
B. 551 kpa or 80 psi
C. 55.61 kpa or 8.07 psi
D. 1033 kpa or 149.82 psi

D. 1033 kpa or 149.82 psi

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what is the minimum pressure for a group containing flush tanks

A. 103 kpa or 15 psi
B. 551 kpa or 80 psi
C. 55.61 kpa or 8.07 psi
D. 1033 kpa or 149.82 psi

C. 55.61 kpa or 8.07 psi

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All pipe size determinations shall be based on ____________ of the reduced pipe pressure

A. 2%
B. 80%
C. 75%
D. 8%

B. 80%

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multiplier to the elevation in meters to arrive at the loss in static pressure

9.79

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What is the maximum velocity given in the appropriate installation standard

A. 0.3m/s
B. 3m/s
C. 0.03 m/s
D. 30m/s

B. 3m/s

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this is a safety mechanism for thermal expansion which shall be installed but whenever bldg supply pressure is the theater than required relief valve pressure setting. Also a small tank used to protect closed water heating system and domestic hot water system from excessive pressure

EXPANSION TANK

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height of end of pipe with relief valves above the ground A. 0.15 m to 0.60 m B. 0.15m to 0.30m C. 0. 30m to 0.60 m D. 0. 30m to 0. 90 m

A. 0.15m to 0.60m

CT & PRV

COMBINATION TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

may be used as multiplier to hot-water supply when combining hot and cold water demand A. 2% B. 80% C. 75% D. 8%

C.75%

what is the **maximum distance of unions** away from regulating equipment, water heater, conditioning tank, etc. A. 0.03 m B. 3m C. 0.3 m D. 30m

C. 0.3m

An unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet conveying **potable water** to the flood level rim of any tank, vat or fixture

AIRGAP, WATER DISTRIBUTION

minimum airgap A. 25 mm B. 38mm C. 51 mm D. 57 mm

A. 25 mm

AVB

ATMOSPHERIC VACUUM BREAKER

AVB must be placed _________above flood level rim A. 150 mm B. 151 mm C. 152 mm D. 153 mm

A. 150 mm

consists of a body, checking member, **atmospheric opening** A. AVB B. DC C. RP D. PVB

A. AVB

DOUBLE CHECK VALVE BACKFLOW PREVENTION ASSEMBLY

PVB

PRESSURE VACUUM BREAKER BACKFLOW PREVENTION ASSEMBLY

REDUCED PRESSURE PRINCIPLE BACKFLOW PREVENTION ASSEMBLY

consists of **2** independently acting internally or externally or loaded check valves, **4** properly located test cocks with connections, **2** isolation gate values A. AVB B. DC C. RP D. PVB

B.DC

consists of a **loaded air inlet valve,** internally loaded check valve, **2** properly located test cocks, **2** isolation gate valves A. AVB B. DC C. RP D. PVB

D. PVB

Consist of 2 independently acting internally loaded check valve, **differential pressure relief valve**, 4 properly located test cocks with connections, 2 isolation gage valve A. AVB B. DC C. RP D. PVB

C. RP

The minimum clearance at the bottom for maintenance of DC A. 300 mm B. 305 mm C. 310 mm D. 315 mm

B. 305 mm

PVB is placed _____ above all downstream piping and flood level rim of receptor A. 300 mm B. 305 mm C. 310 mm D. 315 mm

B. 305 mm

The minimum clearance at the bottom for maintenance of RP A. 300 mm B. 305 mm C. 310 mm D. 315 mm

B. 305 mm

this is placed above all downstream and inning and flooding receptor. This device **closes the vent prior to the check opening** and can be used indoors.

Spill-proof Pressure-Type Vacuum Breaker

Installations elevated more than _______ above the floor shall have permanent platform for testers and maintena A.nce persons A. 1.52m B. 152mm C. 15.2mm D. 0.152mm

A. 1.52mm

installation of atmospheric vacuum breaker above flood level rim A. 1.52m B. 152mm C. 15.2mm D. 0.152mm

B. 152mm

height of critical level above the overflow rim of water closet on the highest part of a urinal A. 1.52m B. 152mm C. 15.2mm D. 0.152mm

B. 152 mm

height of critical level of AVB of inlets to tanks, vats, sumps, swimming pool installed in the discharge side of the last valve A. 1.52m B. 152mm C. 15.2mm D. 0.152mm

B. 152 mm

height of AVB of water inlets to water supplied aspirations above the aspirator unit A. 1.52m B. 152mm C. 15.2mm D. 0.152mm

B.152 mm

height of AVB of potable water outlets with hose attachments above the highest point of usage located on the discharge side of the last valve A. 1.52m B. 152mm C. 15.2mm D. 0.152mm

B.152 mm

minimum airgap from supply outlet to top surface of the drainage

2 pipe diameter or 25 mm

minimum temperature for a backflow prevention for hot water to operate A. 41.1 °C B.42.2°C C. 43.3°C D. 44.4°C

C. 43.3°C or 110°F

height of ball well above fall opening of overflow pipe A. 25 mm B. 50 mm C. 75 mm D. 100 mm

A. 25 mm

separation of potable water from fluids or gases, with vented teak detection path

2 separate walls

water supply inlets without AVB must be protected by ________

AIR GAP

A **stop valve** placed at the connection of the water service pipe to the water main

CORPORATION COCK

A valve opened and closed by the fall and rise of an attached **ball floating on the surface of the liquid**

BALL COCK

Flow of water is cut off by a circular disc against machine-smoothed faces, at **right angles** to the direction of the flow. can only be fully opened or fully closed

GATE VALVE

Flow of liquid is cut off by a circular disc over and against the horizontal valve seat, **parallel** to the normal direction of flow of water. Can be halfway open or halfway closed

GLOBE VALVE

A valve that **automatically closes** to prevent the flow of liquid or gas in a **reverse direction.**

CHECK VALVE

What is the minimum bldg **water service pipe**? A. 51mm B. 102mm C. 20mm D. 19 mm

D. 19mm

An arbitrary quantity of the **load-producing effects** of water requirements

FIXTURE UNIT

What size of valves shall be of brass fitting?

At least 51mm

What size of valves shall have cast iron bodies or brass bodies?

Over 51mm

A valve used to control 2 or more openings shall be ________

Fullway gate valve

What is the type of vent fitting for gravity tanks??

Return bend

What device prevents gravity tanks from overflowing?

Float valve, float switch, or electrode-type water level control

Refers to the **natural state of water**

LIQUID

Refers to the **solid state of water**

ICE

Refers to the **gaseous state of water**

WATER VAPOR or STEAM

What are the **three sources of water**

1. Rain water 2. Natural surface water from streams and rivers 3. Underground water

Refers to impurities in water which are carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, oxygen, and nitrogenous and organic compounds

ENTRAINED GASES

Refers to impurities in water which are calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, manganese, and other carbonates and silicates, alkyl benzene sulfate and from detergents and synthetic organic from insecticides and pesticides

DISSOLVED MINERALS

Refers to impurities in water such as bacteria, algae, fungi, silt, protozoa, and other colloidal matters making the water colored and acidic

SUSPENDED & COLLOIDAL MATERIALS

Refers to impurities in water by entrainment of radioactive substances from mining or processing ores by wastes from industrial use of radioactive materials

RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS

Refers to a **very shallow well with water** taken from a water stratum composed of cervical limestones, sand, or gravel lying a few meters below the earth

SPRING WATER

What are the different types of individual well spring?

Bored wells Dug wells Driven wells Drilled wells

This type of water distribution obtain its supply of water through a **large intake pipe** installed in the lake basin extended down the water. *Water is drawn from the lake, to a receiving well by force of gravity, passing through filtration plant, pumped by centrifugal or piston pump into the water main with sufficient pressure to serve specific needs*

DIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

This type of water distribution employs a **turbine pump** mounted on top of the stand pipe extended down the well below the water table where *water is drawn from a drilled distribution*

INDIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION

Water distribution by means of **gravity**

OVERHEAD FEED SYSTEM

Water distribution where **compressed air** is used as delivery agent

AIR PRESSURED WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Water distribution used on **tall buildings** that could not be served adequately by the street main. Employs a **triplex pump** to operate in sequence according to the volume of demand

DIRECT UPFEED PUMPING SYSTEM

Defined as the **resistance between the molecules of water**

FRICTION

Defined as the **force required to move the water inside the pipe**

PRESSURE

The pressure exerted by water **at rest**

STATIC PRESSURE

Refers to the **pressure range measured over a period of 24 hours**

NORMAL PRESSURE

An excessive water pressure can be minimized by a valve that will keep the pressure constant at 40 psi. What valve is this?

PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE

Refers to the **maximum and minimum pressure** at which proper function of the water supply system can be maintained

CRITICAL PRESSURE

Refers to the **loss in rate of flow due to friction** between the water and the walls of the pipe

HEAD LOSS BY FRICTION or FRICTION HEAD LOSS

Refers to the **variations in pressure** between the water main and the outlet end of the water service generally caused by friction

PRESSURE LOSS

Type of pump used on **small water distribution system** for elevating water in wells or other sources, produces *pulsating movement*

PISTON PUMP

Type of pump associated with **tall building water distribution system**, produces *rotary motion*

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Type of hot water distribution system commonly used in **small residential houses**

UP-FEED GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM

Type of hot water distribution system generally used in **building of extreme heights**

OVERHEAD FEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM

Refers to the **mechanical device** used to **circulate hot water** in the plumbing fixtures recommended **for large buildings** where difficulty of providing natural circulation of hot water is encountered

PUMP CIRCUIT SYSTEM

**Small hot water tank** generally made of copper or stainless steel sheet

RANGE BOILER

**Large hot water tank** made of heavy duty stainless steel sheet

STORAGE TANK

This type of valve **protects hot water space heating system**

STEAM RELIEF VALVE

This type of valve **protects hot water supply system**

TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

Type of water heating system where **water is confined within a system at low temperature**

HOT WATER SPACE HEATING SYSTEM

Type of water heating system where **water is not in a closed system and operates on a much higher temperature**

HOT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Also known as **hydrologic cycle**

WATER CYCLE

Describes how **water is exchange** through earth's land ocean and atmosphere

WATER CYCLE or HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

The process of a **liquid surface changing into gas** and becomes water vapor

EVAPORATION

An instrument used to **measure the amount of water vapor** in air, in soil, or in confined spaces

HYGROMETER

The process where **water vapor becomes liquid**. This happens when either the air is cold to its dew point or it becomes so saturated with water vapor that it cannot hold anymore water

CONDENSATION

Refers to any **liquid or solid water that falls to earth** as a *result of condensation* in the atmosphere. This includes rain, snow, and hail

PRECIPITATION

Refers to the **evaporation of water from plants** occurring at the leaves

TRANSPIRATION

Refers to the *sum of all processes* by which water moves **from the land surface to the atmosphere**

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

Refers to the transition from **solid phase to the gas phase without passing through an intermediate liquid phase**

SUBLIMATION

The phase change from **gas directly to solid with no intermediate liquid phase.** The reverse process of sublimation

DESUBLIMATION OR DEPOSITION

Source of water obtained from **roofs and watershed**

RAINFALL

Source of water obtained from **ponds, lakes, and rivers**

NATURAL SURFACE

Source of water obtained from **below ground surface** by means of mechanical or manual equipment

UNDERGROUND WATER

A *cased hole, usually vertical* that is drilled in the earth to access water that is stored in voids called **aquifers**

WATER WELL

These are **underground layers of rock that are saturated with water** that can be brought to the surface through natural spring or by pumping

AQUIFER

A well that has a **static water level above the adjacent ground surface**. A well from which the water flows upwards and out of the well without pumping due to natural or artificially supplied underground pressure

FLOWING WELL

Type of well that can be constructed with **hand tools or power tools**. This is the **most common** kind of well used for **individual water supplies** and can be dug to a depth of about 15 m (50 ft)

DUG WELL

The **simplest** and usually the **least expensive type of well**. A **steel drive-well point** is fitted on one end of the pipe section and driven to the earth to a depth of 15 m (50ft)

DRIVEN WELL

This refers to precipitation that is **intercepted by plant foliage** eventually *evaporates back to the atmosphere rather than the ground*

CANOPY INTERCEPTION

This refers to the **flow of water from ground surface into the ground**

INFILTRATION

This refers to **water flowing vertically through the soil and rocks** under the influence of gravity

PERCOLATION

PD 1067

Water Code of the Philippines

PD 1067

Refers to the **maximum rate** that a *well can be pumped without lowering the water level*, expressed in gpm

WELL YIELD

Refers to a large **natural or artificial lake** used as a *source of water supply*

RESERVOIR

Refers to a **land area that channels rainfall** to creeks, streams, and rivers and eventually to outflow points such as reservoirs, bays, and oceans

WATERSHED/DRAINAGE BASIN

Refers to the **underground boundary** between the soil surface and the area where groundwater saturates spaces between sediments and cracks in rocks

WATERTABLE

Refers to a well that **taps into a confined aquifer**, water rises above the top of the aquifer but does not reach the land surface

ARTESIAN WELL

A process that involves the **exchange of the hardness minerals** in water, chiefly **calcium and magnesium for sodium minerals**

ION EXCHANGE

That part of the water table which is **lowered in the vicinity of the well**

CONE OF DEPRESSION

Refers to the **decrease in the water level** at and in the vicinity of the well

DRAWDOWN

Is the measure of the total **calcium, magnesium, iron, and other metallic elements** that contribute to the hard feel of water

HARDNESS

Type of hardness wherein there is the **presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium**

TEMPORARY HARDNESS

Type of hardness where there is the presence of **non-carbonic salts (sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates)**

PERMANENT HARDNESS

Refers to the **buildup of minerals and rust from inner linings of pipes** caused by minerals like calcium carbonate and magnesium

PIPE SCALING

Water hardness classified as **soft**

0-75 mg/L

Water hardness classified as **moderate**

76-150 mg/L

Water hardness classified as **hard**

151-300 mg/L

Water hardness classified as **very hard**

over 300 mg/L

Refers to the process of standard ion exchange water softener where the hardness (calcium and magnesium) is **replaced with sodium**

SODIUM ION EXCHANGE

Caused by **suspended insoluble matter** including coarse particles that **settle rapidly in standing water**

TURBIDITY

What is the **unit of measurement for turbidity**?

NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit)

What is the standard **maximum turbidity for drinking water**?

1 NTU

Refers to the **coarse particles** in turbidity that **settle rapidly** when water is standing

SEDIMENT

Refers to the particles that mostly **remain in suspension** in turbidity

SILT

How much is the **ph level of potable water** according to WHO?

6.5-8.0 pH

What is the **ph level in neutral**?

7 pH

This is measured by ph level caused by the **removal of minerals** during evaporation, highly corrosive that can damage the plumbing system

ACIDITY

Type of substance that was created from **crushed white marble** and is very high in calcium, used to treat acidic water

CALCITE

It's suitable to use for acidic water with **ph level around 5.5** which **neutralizes the carbon dioxide** that's present in the water

MAGNESIUM OXIDE

Suitable to use for acidic water with **ph level around 4.5 to 5.0** applied through a chemical injection

SODA ASH and CAUSTIC SODA

Refers to the **loss and eventual failure of metals and alloys** from the electrochemical reaction between water and the pipe material

CORROSION

Refers to the **breakdown of the pipe material at a uniform rate** over its entire surface by direct chemical attack

GENERAL CORROSION

Refers to a **breakdown of the pipe material** which takes place on **small areas of the surface** usually at high rates and takes various forms

LOCALIZED CORROSION

How much is the **drinking water limits for nitrates**?

10 mg/L

Type of water received from a **well, surface water, etc.**

RAW WATER

Type of water **monitored and controlled** for pH, algae, and other dissolved solids

TOWER WATER

**Filtered, chlorinated, and or otherwise treated** to meet the local health departments standards for **drinking water** as well as the safe drinking water act

POTABLE WATER

The *relative term* used to describe water mostly **free from particulate matter and dissolved gases** that may exist in the potable water supply

PURE WATER

Refers to the conversion of a **liquid into vapor that is subsequently condensed back to liquid form**. This produces biopure water that is free from particulate matter, minerals, organics, bacteria, pyrogens

DISTILLATION

This type of water is needed in the pharmacy, central supply room, and add other areas where there may be **patient contact**

BIOPURE WATER

Type of water used in **medical fields and laboratories**

HIGH GRADE WATER

A water purification process also known as **deionization** which produces **high purity water** that is free from minerals, most particulate matter, and dissolved gases

DEMINERALIZATION

A water purification process that uses a **semi-permeable membrane** (synthetic lining) that filter out unwanted molecules and large particles such as contaminants and sediments like chlorine, salt, and dirt from drinking water; from higher to lower concentration

REVERSE OSMOSIS

A water purification process in which solid particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid are **removed by the use of a filter medium** that permits the fluid to pass through but retains the solid particle

FILTRATION

Often the *first step in water treatment* where chemicals with a positive charge are added to the water, the **positive charge neutralizes the negative charge** of the dirt and other dissolved particles in the water

COAGULATION

Refers to the **gentle mixing of the water to form larger heavier particles**

FLOCCULATION

What is the most commonly used chemical for coagulation?

ALUMINUM SULFATE

Water treatment of potable water where **flocs settle to the bottom of the water** and are removed by gravity settling and deposition

SEDIMENTATION

Treatments for potable water where the **passage of liquid through a porous medium** suspended matter which did not settle by gravity and is used to remove the particular matter from water as a pretreatment

FILTRATION

Material for filtration that is **less effective in the removal of turbidity and bacteria**

COARSE SAND

Material for filtration that requires a **shorter period between washings**

FINE SAND

A filtration system similar to reverse osmosis but with looser membrane that **rejects most polyvalent ions** while **allowing the monovalent ions of sodium and chloride to pass throug**

NANOFILTRATION

Filtration system that is even looser and generally used to **separate oil and water**

ULTRAFILTRATION

Filtration system design to **remove coarse suspended particulates** larger than 10 microns in sizes

DEEP-BED SAND FILTRATION

Filtration system used to **remove residual chlorine**, chloramine disinfectants, dissolve organic, and major portion of naturally occurring dissolved organic material from municipal water supplies

ACTIVATED CARBON FILTRATION

Filtration system where the flow of water in these filters is **achieved by gravity only**

GRAVITY FILTERS

Filtration system where water is passed through a porous bed of filter medium, utilize the effluent either from **plain sedimentation or directly from sources**

SLOW SAND FILTER

Refers to the water above the **filter sand** that **provides hydraulic head** for the process

SUPERNATANT

Refers to the **hypogeal biological layer** consisting of biologically active microorganisms that break down organic matter. German for **dirt cover**

SCHMUTZDECKE

Filtration system referring to a technique common and developed countries for treating **large quantities of drinking water**

RAPID SAND FILTER

Refers to the filtered water that is **passed upward** to the filter at a relatively **high flow rate** of 10 to 20 gpm per square foot in order to clean the filter

BACKWASHING

Filtration system more widely favored in **industrial and commercial water conditioning applications.** These units have an advantage in that they may be **placed in the line under pressure** eliminating the need to repump the water

PRESSURE FILTER

How much is the *chloride solution* for systems allowed to stand for **24 hours**?

50 mg/L

How much is the *chloride solution* for systems allowed to stand for **3 hours**?

200 mg/L

How much is the *chloride solution* for systems allowed to stand for **3 hours**?

200 mg/L

Hot water tank that is **30 to 60 cm in diameter** with a maximum of **180 cm length**

RANGE BOILER

Hot water tank that is **60 to 130 cm in diameter** and maximum of **5 m long**

STORAGE TANK

Heat transfer that occurs through **electromagnetic waves** without involving particles

RADIATION

Heat transfer that takes place **within the fluid**

CONVECTION

Heat transfer that occurs between objects by **direct contact**

CONDUCTION

Heats water with **high voltage electric heating rods** that run vertically through the tank. Water is heated starting at the **center** of the tank radiating outward

ELECTRIC WATER HEATER

Heats water from **gas-fired burner** located at the bottom of the tank. Hot water starts at the **bottom** and rises upward where it is drawn off the top by a discharge tube

GAS WATER HEATER

Refers to the magnesium and aluminum **anode rods** inside to protect exposed steel from corrosion. Also known as **sacrificial rod**

ANTI-CORROSION ANODE RODS

The pipe that lets **freshwater enter the water heater** through the top of the tank

DIP TUBE

This **stops water** from flowing into the water heater. It's a separate component from the heater located outside and above the unit

SHUT-OFF VALVE

A pipe suspended toward the top of the tank's interior to **allow the hot water to exit the water heater**

HEAT-OUT PIPE

This is a **thermometer and temperature control device** for water heaters

THERMOSTAT

Located near the *bottom of the exterior housing* which makes it **easy to empty the tank, to replace the elements, remove sediment, or move the tank to another location**

DRAIN VALVE

A valve installed on top of the hot water heater tank to **relieve the buildup of dangerous temperature or pressure**

TEMPERATURE-PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

How much is the hot water consumption for **school** (gallons per person per hour)?

2-3

How much is the hot water consumption for **office** (gallons per person per hour)?

4-5

How much is the hot water consumption for **factories** (gallons per person per hour)?

4-6

How much is the hot water consumption for **apartment** (gallons per person per hour)?

How much is the hot water consumption for **hotels** (gallons per person per hour)?

8-10

How much is the hot water consumption for **hotels** (gallons per person per hour)?

8-10

How much is the hot water consumption for **residentials** (gallons per person per hour)?

How much is the average working load of hot water systems for **school, office, and industrial type**?

25%

How much is the average working load of hot water systems for **apartments and residences**?

35%

How much is the average working load of hot water systems for **hotels and restaurants**?

50%

How much is the average working load of hot water systems for **hotels and restaurants**?

50%

these are mechanical devices used to **control, direct, and regulate the flow of water** by opening, closing, or partially obstructing the flow

VALVE

Type of gate valve with a **single tapered disc** thin at the bottom and thick at the top

SOLID-WEDGE GATE VALVE

Type of gate valve with **parallel faces** dropped in a *vertical position* and force apart by a **disc spreader**

DOUBLE-DISC

Type of globe valve with a **pressure tight** bearing between the disc and the seat recommended for cold water and any temperature service

CONVENTIONAL DISC GLOBE VALVE

Type of globe valve with **wide bearing surface** producing good resistance to the cutting effects of scale dirt and other kind of foreign matter found inside the pipe

PLUG TYPE GLOBE VALVE

Type of globe valve that **does not fit into the seat opening but over it** *much as a bottle cap fits over the bottle opening*

COMPOSITION DISC

A faucet which operates by means of a **round tapering plug** perforated in one direction perpendicular to its axis and ground to fit a metal sheet

KEY COCK

A faucet which operates by the **compression of soft packing** upon a metal seat

COMPRESSION COCK

A faucet similar to compression cock but has a screw outside **for connection of water hose**

HOSE BIBB

A faucet arranged to discharge water while they are **held open by the hand** and to **close by a spring** inside the faucet as soon as the pressure of the hand is removed

SELF CLOSING FAUCET

Type of valve most commonly used **in place of a gate valve** increases where absolute **bubble-free shut-off is required**

BUTTERFLY VALVE

A valve with a quarter turn design similar to a ball value with the **ball replaced by a plug**

PLUG VALVE

Type of butterfly valve **placed between pipe flanges**

WAFER BODY / WAFER STYLE

Type of butterfly valve which has **protruding lugs** that provide bolt holes matching those in the flanges

LUG BODY / LUG STYLE

A valve located at the **lower end of the pump** used to prevent loss of priming the pump

FOOT VALVE / RETENTION VALVE

a.k.a. retention valve

FOOT VALVE

Type of check valve which permits **straight-through flow** when open

SWING CHECK VALVE

Type of check valve used for **gases or compressed air** or in fluid systems where *pressure drop is critical*

LIFT CHECK VALVE

Moves fluid by **trapping a specified amount** and displacing (forcing) the trapped volume into the discharge line

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

Highly efficient because they can **manipulate highly viscous fluids** with higher flow rates as viscosity increases

ROTARY-TYPE POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

A simple kind of *rotary pump* that a **pair of gears** push the liquid

GEAR PUMP

A kind of rotary pump where **two screws** turn against each other for pumping the liquid

SCREW PUMP

What type of pumps are **chain pumps and rope pumps**?

LINEAR-TYPE POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

Transfer the liquid using **one or more oscillating plungers, pistons, or membranes** while valves limit fluid passage to the desired direction

RECIPROCATING-TYPE POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

Simple tool for pumping **small volumes of liquid or gel manually**

PISTON PUMP

A reciprocating plunger forces the fluid by one or two open valves blocked by suction on the way back

PLUNGER PUMP

Consists of a **piston traveling up and down within a cylinder** which is connected with a pipe extending down into the source

LIFT PUMP

A centrifugal pump casing with a **vertical connection to the shaft (perpendicular to the shaft and parallel to the impeller)**

RADIAL SPLIT

A centrifugal pump casing which is **split along the center line** of the shaft, direction is **in line with the shaft**

AXIAL SPLIT

Centrifugal pump casing where in the direction is **partly radial and partly axial**

MIXED FLOW

Also known as **deep well turbine pumps** which includes stages of **stationary bowls and rotating impellers**

VERTICAL PUMPS

Centrifugal pump whose **hydraulic components are flooded** by the fluid handled. The motor runs a series of impellers which drive water up the pipe

SUBMERSIBLE PUMP

A pump that needs to be **filled with water before they can work**, draws water up with suction

JET PUMP

Automatic and requires no motor since they **depend for operation upon water hammer** that is surging back and forth in a pipe when suddenly brought to rest

HYDRAULIC RAMS

Most common water meter for *residential and small commercial properties* where **mechanical parts are displaced or moved as water flows through the meter's main chamber**

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT WATER METER

More common water meter in the *commercial and industrial buildings* with **no moving parts but with an electromagnetic coil** that generates a magnetic field and electrodes that capture voltage

ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METER

Commonly used water meter in *large commercial distribution system* where **turbine blades are housed in the chamber and rotates as the water flows through it**

TURBINE FLOW METER

Pipe marking for **hydrogen**

Black on yellow

Pipe marking for **flammable**

Black on yellow

Pipe marking for **acetic acid**

white on Brown

Pipe marking for **combustible**

White on Brown

Pipe marking for **nitric acid**

Black on Orange

Pipe marking for **toxic or corrosive**

Black on Orange

Pipe marking for **fire**

white on Red

Pipe marking for **other water**

white on Green

Pipe marking for **nitrogen**

White on Blue

Pipe marking for **compressed air**

white on Blue

ASTM prefix letter "A"

Iron & Steel material

ASTM prefix letter "B"

Nonferrous metal material

ASTM prefix letter "B"

Nonferrous metal material

ASTM prefix letter "C"

ceramic concrete, and masonry material

ASTM prefix letter "D"

Miscellaneous materials

ASTM prefix letter "E"

Miscellaneous Subjects

ASTM prefix letter "F"

Materials for specific applications

ASTM prefix letter "G"

Corrosion, Deterioration, and Degradation of materials