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Nutrition - Kin 3481 > Water soluble vitamins > Flashcards

Water soluble vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

They are similar to macronutrients how?

A

Organic (carbon containing)

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2
Q

Vitamins are what type of compounds

A

organic

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3
Q

Different to macronutrients how?

A

not a direct source of energy

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4
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamin C
Coenzymes
B1 (thiamin)
B2 (riboflavin)
B3 (niacin)n
B5 (pantothenic acid)
B6 (pyridoxine)
B7 (Biotin)
B9 (Folate)
B12 (cyanocobalamin)

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5
Q

water soluble vitamins are not stored in what?

A

not stored in appreciable amounts, so needed regularly from the diet

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6
Q

What happens to excess water-soluble vitamins?

A

kidneys can excrete in urine, so amount is regulated

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7
Q

are vitamins essential in the diet to promote normal functioning, growth, and maintenance?

A

yes

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8
Q

although vitamins are not a direct source of energy, they play crucial roles in reactions that extract energy from nutrients. What factors do this?

A

coenzymes!

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9
Q

What do coenzymes do?

A

Unlock action of enzymes

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10
Q

Explain the mechanism of coenzymes?

A

Inactive compound + vitamin B = coenzyme

This coenzyme then attached to an INACTIVE enzyme. Then creates an ACTIVATED ENZYME. allows a molecule to come in and bind to the activated enzyme, which then the active enzyme accelerates the chemical reaction to from one or more new molecules. (splitting of the molecules)

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11
Q

Thiamin (B1)

Function: removes _____ molecule from larger compound

Function: Part of coenzyme ______

Also needed for ________ ________ (e.g. acetylcholine, needed for muscle contraction)

Greatest contribution from diet from _______, ______, or whole-grain products

A

CO2

Part of coenzyme TPP

synthesis of neurotransmitters

enriched, fortified

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12
Q

Deficiency is called what syndrome:

What happens?

What is the other deficiency?
- degenerative _____ disorder
-primarily _______ induced malnutrition because alcohol reduced thiamin absorption and increases its excretion

resolves if eliminate ____________ and obtain _________ injections

What can destroy thiamin?

A

BeriBeri

Very weak and poor muscular coordination (deficient acetylcholine production)
Bodies with Hugh energy needs deteriorate first

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
- degenerative brain disorder

alcohol and obtain thiamin injections

Heat

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13
Q

Riboflavin (B2)

Function: Forms active coenzyme _______

Helps break down _____ ____

Important for ______ formation

Involved directly and indirectly in converting f____, n______, v______ ____, v_______ ___

What can destroy it?

A

FAD
fatty acids
RBC
folate, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin K

light

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14
Q

what is the best source of riboflavin (B2)

what is the best practice of storing riboflavin (B2)

A

Milk

store milk in opaque containers

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15
Q

what other vitamin is sensitive to store lighting for prolonged periods?

A

vitamin A

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16
Q

what does niacin need riboflavin for?

A

its formation from tryptophan

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17
Q

What does vitamin B6 need riboflavin for

A

a conversion to a coenzyme form

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18
Q

Deficiency in riboflavin (B2)

A

ariboflavinosis

-fatigue
- inflammation of muscous membranes that line the mouth and throat
- Glossitis
- Chapped lips

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19
Q

Niacin (B3)

Function: forms active coenzymes _____, ______

Niacin RDA is expressed as _____
______

1NE = 1mg of niacin or 60 mg of _________

Therefore, 60mg of tryptophan yields _____ ____ _____

A

NAD, NADP

niacin equivalents

tryptophan, 1mg niacin

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20
Q

Greatest contribution to niacin intake is mixed dished high in _____, ____, ______

Toxicity
Megadoses of niacin may be prescribed to reduce______ and increase______

some side effects include: flushing of skin, tingling sensation in hands/feet, GI upset

A

meat, fish, poultry

LDL
HDL

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21
Q

deficiency

Ppl at risk: ______,_______. rare disorders that disrupt tryptophan metabolism

Later symptoms f pellagra 4 D’s “rough skin”: _____, _____, ______, ________

A

Pellagra

alcoholism, anorexia

dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

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22
Q

What other nutrients are needed to convert tryptophan to niacin?

Therefore does deficiency in these nutrients contribute to damage?

A

iron, riboflavin, vitamin B6

yes

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23
Q

Pantothenic Acid (B5)

Function: Component of ____ (required to make _______)

Function: helps in the production of_______ and ________ hormones

A

CoA
Required to make Acetyl CoA

stress and sex hormones

24
Q

Pantothenic acid is _____ damaged

Damaged through: _____, ______, _____, _________

A

easily

freezing, canning, processing, cooking

25
Q

there is limited data on pantothenic acid content of food, but as pantothen means ________ it is in lots of different foods like chicken, beef, potatoes, oat cereals

A

everywhere

26
Q

Deficiency is virtually _______ in general population

However in research settings: ______, _______

A

nonexistent

irritability, restlessness

27
Q

Biotin (B7)
Function: In coenzyme form, biotin participates in ________ _______ that adds _____ ____ other compounds

Essential for_______ _______ in CAC cycle

A

chemical reaction

CO2

regernation oxaloacetate

28
Q

Deficiency,

signs of deficiency conclusively demonstrates in individuals consuming ____ ____whites over long periods of time

there is a protein called ________ that is found in raw egg whites that prevents the absorption of biotin. This denatures when cooking.

Deficiency in biotin (B7) is ______

A

raw egg

avidin

rare

29
Q
A
30
Q

Thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), and biotin (B7) are widespread in the food supply, and overt deficiencies are ______in North America.

They are all incorporated into coenzymes that metabolize ____, ____, _____

A

rare

CHO, FAT, PRO

31
Q

T or F There is no RDA, EAR, UL for pantothenic acid or biotin?

A

T

32
Q

High doses of______ and________ appear to be harmless, but megadoses of ______should be taken only under medical supervision

A

thiamine
Riboflavin

niacin

33
Q

Create a meal (for example, breakfast) that includes Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pantothenic acid (B5), and Biotin (B7).

A

whole grain bread (thiamin B1), glass of milk (riboflavin B2), piece of fish (niacin B3), potatoes (pantothenic acid B5), an egg that’s cooked (Biotin B7)

34
Q

Vitamin B6

Function: Synthesize _______ and forms ______ blood cells

Cells convert vitamin forms to primary B6 coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate ______

A

hemoglobin
forms white blood cells

PLP

35
Q

Folate (B9)

Function: coenzyme involved in______ synthesis and _____ ______ _______

A

DNA synthesis
amino acid metabolism

36
Q

What is the difference between folate and folic acid?

A

Folate refers to a group of related compounds that include folic acid

Folic acid refers to specifically the synthetic form of vitamins found in supplements (and added to fortified foods)

37
Q

Folate function:

Cell convert folate to group of folate-containing coenzymes _________

A

tetrahydrofolate (THF)

38
Q

THF transfers ____ to______; transfers to homocysteine to form________)

A

THF transfers CH3 to vitB12; transfers to homocysteine to form methionine)

39
Q

When can folate NOT be used?

A

When vitamin B12 is not available,
folate can’t be used

40
Q

What are the three vitamins that work with each other to help control homocysteine levels?

A

Vitamin B6
Folate (B9)
Vitamin B12

41
Q

Cells convert vitamin forms to primary B6 coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

Therefore, how does PLP help control homocysteine levels?

A

PLP converts a potentially toxic amino acid homocysteine to cysteine (a nonessential amino acid)

42
Q

Vitamin B12

Function: Supports ______ synthesis

maintains _____ ______

Needed for _______ _______

A

RBC
myelin sheath

Needed for
homocysteine metabolism

43
Q

Unlike most B vitamins, megadoses of ______ ______are toxic (2-6g/day), causing _______ ______ _______ ____

A

Vitamin B6

severe sensory nerve damage

44
Q

What three vitamins correspond to anemias?

A

Folate (B9), Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6

45
Q

Folate (B9) ring structure is found in ________ and is ______ bioavailable

Folate polyglutamate is found in ______ and is ______ bioavailable

A

supplements and is 100% bioavailable

found in foods and is 50% bioavailable

46
Q

Folate (B9) deficiency

causes what ANEMIA?

Deficiency effects cells that rapidly _____

These immature and larger red blood cells are _______ ________

A

Megaloblastic Anemia (mega = large; blast = immature)

inefficient O2 carriers

47
Q

Vitamin B 12 deficiency

causes what ANEMIA?

Low B12 causes low ______

A

Pernicious (“deadly”) anemia

RBC production

48
Q

Vitamin B6
deficiency

Causes what ANEMIA?

Low B6 causes deficiency in ______ _________ (protein inside red blood cells that carry O2)

A

regular anemia

hemoglobin synthesis

49
Q

Identify FOUR differences between water-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins.

This is a short answer question on the test

A

Water soluble vitamins vs fat soluble:
1. B &C vitamins VS A, D, E, K vitamins

  1. Intestinal cells absorb right into bloodstream vs not absorbed directly into blood stream. these require bile and chylomicrons for absorption.
  2. not stored in appreciable amounts, so needed from the idea regularly vs stored in appreciable amounts
  3. excess: kidneys can excrete in urine, so amount is regulated vs excess accumulate in liver and fatty tissues (reserves can last for weeks or months)
50
Q

What supplements should vegans take and why?

A

plant foods are not sources of Vitamin B12, so vegans should consider taking supplements of vitamin B12, and should also have fortified foods.

51
Q

T or F

Unlike most B vitamins, megadoses of B6 are toxic (2-6g/day), causing severe sensory nerve damage (peripheral neuropathy)

A

T

52
Q

T of F

If folate intake too high, can mask symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia until nerve damage is irreversible

A

T

53
Q

3 functions of Vitamin C

A
  1. Antioxidant activity
  2. Collagen synthesis
  3. enhances absorption iron
54
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A

Scurvy

Connective tissues breakdown as body loses its ability to synthesize collagen (gums, joints begin to bleed)

55
Q
A

Nutrition - Kin 3481 (11 decks)

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