Fat soluble vitamins Flashcards by Sydney Oitomen

Fat-soluble vitamins are more difficult to ______ _______ (compared to water-soluble vitamins)

eliminate excess

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Fat soluble vitamins require _____ and _______ for absorption

bile, chylomicrons

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The body stores extra (excess fat-soluble vitamins) in the _____ and ________

overtime, what can happen?

liver and adipose tissue

overtime they can accumulate and cause toxicity

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Vitamin A

Classifying forms of Vitamin A

In food, what types of vitamin A are there?

Retinal esters (in animal foods) known as retinoids

Beta-carotene (in plant food). Known as Pro-vitamin A. Also known as Carotenoids. Give colour to foods like carrots. Very high in Vitamin A, why it has that orange colour.

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IN the body, what types of vitamin A are there

Retinol
Retinal
Retinoin acid

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Retinoids get converted to what in the body?

Retinol

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Beta-carotene gets converted to what in the body?

Retinal

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What types of vitamin A can be intraconverted from one to the other?

Retinol and Retinal

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What gets converted to retinoid acid?

Retinal

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When converting retinol to retinal, are they reversible?

Yes, there is a double arrow

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retinal to retinoinc acid, are they reversible?

no, they are irreversible. Only one arrow.

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What is the function on retinol?

Supports reproduction
circulates in the blood

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What is retinal responsible for?

participates in vision

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retinoid acid is responsible for what?

regulates growth

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Retina (light-sensitive area in ea. eye) contains ____ and______

the rods and cones

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Rods enable adaptation to see in poorly ____ environments

lit

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Cones responsible for______ ______ and function in well-lit environments

colour vision

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what is needed in addition to retinal, for vision?

retinol

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Night blindness

some retinal that splits away from rod cells is destroyed. To replace what does the body do?

ro replace the rods remove some retinol from the bloodstream and convert it to retinal

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If retinol is unavailable, then what occurs?

night blindness (inability to see in dim light)

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Vitamin A is stable when _____ but may be destroyed by exposure to _____ and ______

heated, light and oxygen

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Dietary sources of Vitamin A

Animal foods (liver, butter, fish liver oil, eggs)

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Toxicity of vitamin A

Acute toxicity:
Chronic toxicity:

Acute toxicity: nausea, vomiting

Chronic toxicity: weight loss, muscle/joint pain

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DRI UL 18+ years:

3000 ug/day

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Vitamin A is toxic at _________ _____ ______; typically from _______

extremely high doses, supplements

Deficiency in Vitamin A

Threat to health and sight. Vitamin A is directly correlated with the immune system efficiency.

Why are children more susceptible than adults?

poor appetite

Vitamin D (Sunshine Vitamin) Vitamin D3 is produced in the ______

skin

What do you need to be able to obtain vitamin D from the sun

cholestrol

Vitamin D2 and D3 is absorbed from ______

diet

D2: D3:

mushrooms, fortified food, dietary supplements fatty fish, cod liver oil, egg yolk, butter, dietary supplements

what organs create the active form of Vitamin D

liver and the kidneys

When low blood calcium level is present, what happens?

Increases PTH production which creates activation of vitamin D3, the increased synthesis of 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 in kidney. Increase calcium absorption in small intestine

Functions of Vitamin D regulating _________ and ________ function

neuromuscular and immune function

People living at high altitudes are not as close to the sun so what happens?

they get less vitamin D

Dietary sources of Vitamin D

Fish liver oils and fatty fish

Those south of ____ patrolled and who are outdoors btw 10am - 3pm (when sunlight is more intense) often obtain ______ sun exposure to synthesize _______ _________ during most of the year

33rd, enough, Vitamin D

Toxicity of Vitamin D DRI UL 19 years:

100ug or 4000 IU/day

Toxicity of Vitamin D does not occur from sunlight or dietary sources, can occur from ________

supplementation

Toxicity can cause high blood ______ (_________) This can cause ______, _____, _______, _______

Calcium (hyperglycaemia) nausea, vomiting, weakness, frequent urination

Deficiency in Vitamin A T or F Many North Americans do not consume enough Vitamin D

Deficiency:

Rickets

T or F Found mostly in children with dark skin, minimal sunlight exposure, little to no Vitamin D, breastfed

Deficiency:

Osteomalacia

Osteomalacia:

soft bones, bend and break easily, especially hips, spine

There is also Vitamin D deficiency with _____

age

T or F Age reduces skin’s ability to make 7-dehydrochlesterol--> less fortified milk, less sun, can result in secondary hyperparathyroidism (accelerating osteoporosis)

Age causes a decrease in blood ______ -> increased _____ -> bone reabsorption

Calcium, PTH

Vitamin E (antioxidant) There are many forms of Vitamin E, what is the only form found in humans

alpha-tocopherol

Unlike A & D, E is not primarily stored in liver, it is primarily (90%) stored in ______ _____

body fat

Oxidative stress occur because of why?

imbalance between pro-oxidant systems and anti-oxidant system

What are the two ways our body forms reactive oxygen species? What do these reactive oxygen species cause?

Our body naturally forms reactive oxygen species through the ETC he other way that our body forms reactive oxygen species is through being exposed to radiation. ex going on a plane oxidative stress

How does vitamin E help neutralize reactive oxygen species? Vitamin E protects vulnerable PUFAs in cell membranes, in blood, and elsewhere by ________ free radicals

scavenging

Vitamin E gives what to the PUFA to neutralize it, so its no longer acting as a reactive oxygen species?

gives an electron and to the PUFA

Explain the 3 steps of how this happens?

1. a cell needs a healthy cell membrane to function 2. free radicals can damage polyunstaurated fatty acids in cell membranes. Such damage an weaken the membrane 3. Vitamin E donates a stabilizing particle to the free radical so it is no longer destructive

After Vitamin E neutralizes the free radical from donating an electron, ______ ___ gives VITAMIN E an electron

VITAMIN C

Vitamine E is destroyed by _____, ____, _____

oxygen, light, heat

Dietary sources of Vitamin E

sunflower seeds, almonds, almond milk, peanuts, plant oils

Toxicity DRI UL: ______ any form supplemental sources Excess can cause

1000mg/day blood thinning, and can lead to fatal bleeding

Deficiency in Vitamin E

nerve and muscle damage, loss of neuromuscular control, blindness Can also reduce functioning of immune system and cause form of anemia in preterm infants

Vitamin K "koagulation" Function: Essential for ______ ________ (coagulation) without it you would ______ ______

vlood clotting bleed to death from a single cut

3 types of vitamin K K1: K2: K3:

Phylloquione Menaquinones Menadione

Phylloquione (K1): Menaquinones (K2): Menadione (K3):

plant sources animal sources and synthesized by our intestinal bacteria synthetic form (supplement form)

Functions of K1: What protein traps blood cells forming a mesh?

Blood clotting Fibrin

Functions of K2: regulates the body _____

Bone health calcium

Unlike A, D, E, body uses K ______ so _______ supply is necessary

rapidly, constant

Dietary Sources of Vitamin K Major sources of K1: Major sources of K2:

green leafy vegetables egg yolks, butter, certain cheeses, liver, beef

Deficiency in K1: In adults, vitamin K deficiency is rare; usually occurs in people with ____ _________problems (e.g., CF)

Bruising, hemorrhage fat malabsorption

Deficiency in K2:

can cause increased blood vessel calcification Increased risk of bone fracture

Practice: Matching What vitamin is required for the formation of collagen and the absorption of iron

vitamin C

Involved in the production of energy from food and muscle contraction

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Require by niacin and vitamin B6

Riboflavin (B2)

Key in the production of red blood cells and folate metabolism

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Essential for proper functioning of the nervous and immune system

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Necessary for normal growth and development

Vitamin B9 (folate)

Essential for blood clotting and bone health

Vitamin K

Supports the immune system and acts as an antioxidant

Vitamin E

Regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption for bone health

VItamin D

Helps maintain health skin and vision

Vitamin A

Levels rely on iron, riboflavin, or Vitamin B6 status

Vitamin B3 (niacin)