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Nutrition - Kin 3481 > Fat soluble vitamins > Flashcards

Fat soluble vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins are more difficult to ______ _______ (compared to water-soluble vitamins)

A

eliminate excess

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2
Q

Fat soluble vitamins require _____ and _______ for absorption

A

bile, chylomicrons

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3
Q

The body stores extra (excess fat-soluble vitamins) in the _____ and ________

overtime, what can happen?

A

liver and adipose tissue

overtime they can accumulate and cause toxicity

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4
Q

Vitamin A

Classifying forms of Vitamin A

In food, what types of vitamin A are there?

A

Retinal esters (in animal foods) known as retinoids

Beta-carotene (in plant food). Known as Pro-vitamin A. Also known as Carotenoids. Give colour to foods like carrots. Very high in Vitamin A, why it has that orange colour.

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5
Q

IN the body, what types of vitamin A are there

A

Retinol
Retinal
Retinoin acid

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6
Q

Retinoids get converted to what in the body?

A

Retinol

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7
Q

Beta-carotene gets converted to what in the body?

A

Retinal

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8
Q

What types of vitamin A can be intraconverted from one to the other?

A

Retinol and Retinal

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9
Q

What gets converted to retinoid acid?

A

Retinal

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10
Q

When converting retinol to retinal, are they reversible?

A

Yes, there is a double arrow

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11
Q

retinal to retinoinc acid, are they reversible?

A

no, they are irreversible. Only one arrow.

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12
Q

What is the function on retinol?

A

Supports reproduction
circulates in the blood

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13
Q

What is retinal responsible for?

A

participates in vision

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14
Q

retinoid acid is responsible for what?

A

regulates growth

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15
Q

Retina (light-sensitive area in ea. eye) contains ____ and______

A

the rods and cones

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16
Q

Rods enable adaptation to see in poorly ____ environments

A

lit

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17
Q

Cones responsible for______ ______ and function in well-lit environments

A

colour vision

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18
Q

what is needed in addition to retinal, for vision?

A

retinol

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19
Q

Night blindness

some retinal that splits away from rod cells is destroyed. To replace what does the body do?

A

ro replace the rods remove some retinol from the bloodstream and convert it to retinal

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20
Q

If retinol is unavailable, then what occurs?

A

night blindness (inability to see in dim light)

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21
Q

Vitamin A is stable when _____ but may be destroyed by exposure to _____ and ______

A

heated, light and oxygen

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22
Q

Dietary sources of Vitamin A

A

Animal foods (liver, butter, fish liver oil, eggs)

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23
Q

Toxicity of vitamin A

Acute toxicity:
Chronic toxicity:

A

Acute toxicity: nausea, vomiting

Chronic toxicity: weight loss, muscle/joint pain

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24
Q

DRI UL 18+ years:

A

3000 ug/day

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25
Q

Vitamin A is toxic at _________ _____ ______; typically from _______

A

extremely high doses, supplements

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26
Q

Deficiency in Vitamin A

A

Threat to health and sight. Vitamin A is directly correlated with the immune system efficiency.

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27
Q

Why are children more susceptible than adults?

A

poor appetite

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28
Q

Vitamin D (Sunshine Vitamin)

Vitamin D3 is produced in the ______

A

skin

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29
Q

What do you need to be able to obtain vitamin D from the sun

A

cholestrol

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30
Q

Vitamin D2 and D3 is absorbed from ______

A

diet

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31
Q

D2:

D3:

A

mushrooms, fortified food, dietary supplements

fatty fish, cod liver oil, egg yolk, butter, dietary supplements

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32
Q

what organs create the active form of Vitamin D

A

liver and the kidneys

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33
Q

When low blood calcium level is present, what happens?

A

Increases PTH production which creates activation of vitamin D3, the increased synthesis of 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 in kidney. Increase calcium absorption in small intestine

34
Q

Functions of Vitamin D
regulating _________ and ________ function

A

neuromuscular and immune function

35
Q

People living at high altitudes are not as close to the sun so what happens?

A

they get less vitamin D

36
Q

Dietary sources of Vitamin D

A

Fish liver oils and fatty fish

37
Q

Those south of ____ patrolled and who are outdoors btw 10am - 3pm (when sunlight is more intense) often obtain ______ sun exposure to synthesize _______ _________ during most of the year

A

33rd, enough, Vitamin D

38
Q

Toxicity of Vitamin D

DRI UL 19 years:

A

100ug or 4000 IU/day

39
Q

Toxicity of Vitamin D does not occur from sunlight or dietary sources, can occur from ________

A

supplementation

40
Q

Toxicity can cause high blood ______ (_________)

This can cause ______, _____, _______, _______

A

Calcium (hyperglycaemia)

nausea, vomiting, weakness, frequent urination

41
Q

Deficiency in Vitamin A

T or F

Many North Americans do not consume enough Vitamin D

A

T

42
Q

Deficiency:

A

Rickets

43
Q

T or F

Found mostly in children with dark skin, minimal sunlight exposure, little to no Vitamin D, breastfed

A

T

44
Q

Deficiency:

A

Osteomalacia

45
Q

Osteomalacia:

A

soft bones, bend and break easily, especially hips, spine

46
Q

There is also Vitamin D deficiency with _____

A

age

47
Q

T or F

Age reduces skin’s ability to make 7-dehydrochlesterol–> less fortified milk, less sun, can result in secondary hyperparathyroidism (accelerating osteoporosis)

A

T

48
Q

Age causes a decrease in blood ______ -> increased _____ -> bone reabsorption

A

Calcium, PTH

49
Q

Vitamin E (antioxidant)

There are many forms of Vitamin E, what is the only form found in humans

A

alpha-tocopherol

50
Q

Unlike A & D, E is not primarily stored in liver, it is primarily (90%) stored in ______ _____

A

body fat

51
Q

Oxidative stress occur because of why?

A

imbalance between pro-oxidant systems and anti-oxidant system

52
Q

What are the two ways our body forms reactive oxygen species?

What do these reactive oxygen species cause?

A

Our body naturally forms reactive oxygen species through the ETC

he other way that our body forms reactive oxygen species is through being exposed to radiation.
ex going on a plane

oxidative stress

53
Q

How does vitamin E help neutralize reactive oxygen species?

Vitamin E protects vulnerable PUFAs in cell membranes, in blood, and elsewhere by ________ free radicals

A

scavenging

54
Q

Vitamin E gives what to the PUFA to neutralize it, so its no longer acting as a reactive oxygen species?

A

gives an electron and to the PUFA

55
Q

Explain the 3 steps of how this happens?

A
  1. a cell needs a healthy cell membrane to function
  2. free radicals can damage polyunstaurated fatty acids in cell membranes. Such damage an weaken the membrane
  3. Vitamin E donates a stabilizing particle to the free radical so it is no longer destructive
56
Q

After Vitamin E neutralizes the free radical from donating an electron, ______ ___ gives VITAMIN E an electron

A

VITAMIN C

57
Q

Vitamine E is destroyed by _____, ____, _____

A

oxygen, light, heat

58
Q

Dietary sources of Vitamin E

A

sunflower seeds, almonds, almond milk, peanuts, plant oils

59
Q

Toxicity

DRI UL: ______ any form supplemental sources

Excess can cause

A

1000mg/day

blood thinning, and can lead to fatal bleeding

60
Q

Deficiency in Vitamin E

A

nerve and muscle damage, loss of neuromuscular control, blindness

Can also reduce functioning of immune system and cause form of anemia in preterm infants

61
Q

Vitamin K
“koagulation”

Function: Essential for ______ ________ (coagulation)

without it you would ______ ______

A

vlood clotting

bleed to death from a single cut

62
Q

3 types of vitamin K
K1:
K2:
K3:

A

Phylloquione
Menaquinones
Menadione

63
Q

Phylloquione (K1):
Menaquinones (K2):
Menadione (K3):

A

plant sources

animal sources and synthesized by our intestinal bacteria

synthetic form (supplement form)

64
Q

Functions of K1:

What protein traps blood cells forming a mesh?

A

Blood clotting

Fibrin

65
Q

Functions of K2:

regulates the body _____

A

Bone health

calcium

66
Q

Unlike A, D, E, body uses K ______ so _______ supply is necessary

A

rapidly, constant

67
Q

Dietary Sources of Vitamin K

Major sources of K1:
Major sources of K2:

A

green leafy vegetables

egg yolks, butter, certain cheeses, liver, beef

68
Q

Deficiency in K1:

In adults, vitamin K deficiency is rare; usually occurs in people with ____ _________problems (e.g., CF)

A

Bruising, hemorrhage

fat malabsorption

69
Q

Deficiency in K2:

A

can cause increased blood vessel calcification

Increased risk of bone fracture

70
Q

Practice: Matching

What vitamin is required for the formation of collagen and the absorption of iron

A

vitamin C

71
Q

Involved in the production of energy from food and muscle contraction

A

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

72
Q

Require by niacin and vitamin B6

A

Riboflavin (B2)

73
Q

Key in the production of red blood cells and folate metabolism

A

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

74
Q

Essential for proper functioning of the nervous and immune system

A

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

75
Q

Necessary for normal growth and development

A

Vitamin B9 (folate)

76
Q

Essential for blood clotting and bone health

A

Vitamin K

77
Q

Supports the immune system and acts as an antioxidant

A

Vitamin E

78
Q

Regulates calcium and phosphorus absorption for bone health

A

VItamin D

79
Q

Helps maintain health skin and vision

A

Vitamin A

80
Q

Levels rely on iron, riboflavin, or Vitamin B6 status

A

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

81
Q
A

Nutrition - Kin 3481 (11 decks)

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