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Nutrition - Kin 3481 > RSS 1042 Midterm #1 > Flashcards

RSS 1042 Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Lecture 1

What are the goals of history of Physical Activity

A

To identify and describe patterns of change and stability in physical activity in specific societies of cultures during specific periods.

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2
Q

Why is studying history valuable in a multi-disciplinary field like kinesiology?

A

Studying history is a valuable field like kinesiology because it allows us to see how knowledge has advanced in the field and its sub-disciplines. It also gives insight into the mistakes made in the past and into how the field ended up with as many disciplines as it has now.

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3
Q

Lecture 2

Who paved the way for women to take part in men-only marathons ?

A

Katherine Switzer

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4
Q

What is history?

A

History is the study of change, or lack of change, over time.” Mechikoff & Estes (2006).

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5
Q

History can be as:

A

Something that has happened

A field of study

A process

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6
Q

History as Something that happened

Elements include:

A

People

Time

Change/Continuity

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7
Q

People:

Ultimately in human history, ______ are at the core

What they did _____ & _______

A

people

causes & consequences

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8
Q

Traditional history has looked at “_____ ______ ______” of the past; big events

A

“great white men” of the past; big events

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9
Q

__________ history interested in what people did, what it meant to them

______ history is under that

A

Traditional

Sports

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10
Q

Time:

Time is a key component as we’re talking about “_____ _____”

A

the past

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11
Q

The further away something is, the more we make __________ about it

The closer we get to the current, the shorter the time period we ______ ________

A

generalizations i

consider significant

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12
Q

Important to consider events ___ ______ _______ _______

Not put judgement on the past _____ ___ ______ ____ _____ ______

A

in their time period

based on where we are now

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13
Q

Used to be BC and AD but it was a one-sided religious connotation, so now its ______ and _____

A

BCE = Before Common Era

CE = Common Era

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14
Q

Change/Continuity:

Important element n history is ____ and ____ things change (or not)

A

how and why

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15
Q

Usually questions of _______ however, evolution is a loaded word, generally taken to mean progress

A

evolution

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16
Q

Change does not necessarily mean _______

A

progress

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17
Q

Who talked about “Progress traps”?

He believed in _____ progress back to Victorian era

A

Ronald Wright

unfettered

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18
Q

What if progress leads us into a trap?

A

nuclear weapons, agricultural chemicals, the overall global environment

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19
Q

History as a field of study

It is an academic pursuit dedicated to looking at the past ________ ____ ____, helping ___________ the present

A

learning from it, helping contextualize the present

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20
Q

Two ways of approaching historical research/writing

  1. _________ History

describe the events ___ ___ _______

Focus on the narrative ______ _______ version of history - the what

A

descriptive history

as they happened

story telling

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21
Q
  1. _______ History

Provide and interpretation or reinterpretation of events - the ____ and ______

Often structures as an _________

A

Interpretive History

how and why

argument

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22
Q

History as a process

History can be seen as a process ____ ______ _____ _____ ____ ______

Involves ______ data, _______ and ______ it, making _________ and _________, communicating them

A

of doing research about the past

collecting data

analyizng and criticizing it

making interpretations and conclusions

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23
Q

Questioning of sources

Influence of _____ on ways of seeing the ______

A

present on ways of seeing the past

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24
Q

Types of sources

______ sources

_____ with event

_______ accounts, media, reports, photos, letters etc.

The _____ that the historian ____

A

Primary sources

contemporary with event

eyewitness accounts

evidence, collects

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25
Q

_______ sources

Post-facto, usually a history written ______ _______

Monographs, textbooks, magazine articles, historical documentary film, etc.

A

about something

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26
Q

What is Sport history?

History of competitive _____ , physical _____, physical ______

however it goes beyond that. Things we’d define as sport are dominant, but ___________________

Topics include m________, physical c_____, r_____, l_____, kinesiology s___________

A

sport, activities, culture

its far more than just sport

movement, physical culture, recreation, leisure, kinesiology subdisciplines.

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27
Q

Sport history is a ___ ______ of kinesiology, been around since late 1960s

A

sub-discipline

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28
Q

Why study history?

Learning from ____

context for the ______

A

past

present

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29
Q

Lecture 3

Emphasis of athletic ritual as a _______ and _______ statement

A

religious and political

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30
Q

Egypt

From at least 3000 B.C.E, ______ _________ was a necessary sign of a _________ fitness to rule.

A

physical prowess

pharaoh’s fitness to rule

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31
Q

The pharaoh was representative of ________ on earth requiring him to maintain _______ against the forces of chaos, and had to be seen as the mightiest _______ most successful _____, and swiftest ________

A

divinity, order, archer, hunter, runner

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32
Q

The pharaoh commemorating the thirtieth anniversary of his enthronement would formally prove his fitness by competing a ______ ________ in a jubilee known as the ______ of ______

A

ceremonial run

festival of Sed

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33
Q

The pharaohs most celebrates for their _____ _________ were the _______ monarchs of the Eighteenth Dynasty

A

athletic achievements

martial monarchs

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34
Q

The Egyptians appeared to be less passionate about _______

A

horses

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35
Q

Mesopotamia

“______ of ______”

Early _______, _______

A

Cradle of civilization

boxing, wrestling

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36
Q

Indus Valley (India, Pakistan, Afghanistan),

Shiva (Mahadeva) - the Great God - _______

Indus Valley is where the _____ _____ was made

A

Yoga

Early Toy

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37
Q

China

Peking Man _____ ______ ______

Han period, ______ (a form of soccer)

Earliest reference to ______

A

Runner Hunter Warrior

cuju

sumo

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38
Q

Andes

The ____ _____ is an extinct, pre-Columbian civilization, developed in the northern Andean highlands of Peru arounds 900 BCE, also ending in around 250 BCE

A

Chavin culture

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39
Q

MesoAmerica

The ritual of Mesoamerican Ball game

_____ played by _______ (1800 BCE)

Fascination with ______ shape

Used a Hard _____ ball - access to the _______

Use of _____ to strike

“____ ____ ____”

A

Ulama played by Olmecs (1800 BCE)

sphere

Used a Hard Rubber Ball access to the trees

Use of sticks to strike

“God’s Ball Court”

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40
Q

Sport-like physical activity among some of the earliest civilizations highlight and emphasis of athletic ritual as a _____ and _____ statement

Guttman, 1992, Cordes, 1988

A

religious and political

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41
Q

Lecture 4

Who were the earliest to us bow and arrows?

The first composite bow was produced by the:

A

Egypt

Egyptians

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42
Q

Sed Festival - Jubilee Festival - ____________ run

A

ceremonial

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43
Q

Fisherman’s Joust

Conflict Resolution 2800 BCE: ____ _______ ______ ___________

Practice of _____ _______ to solve disputes and conflicts between individuals or villages. Men would fight each other with long poles that had razor sharp points at the end, without protection.

A

the last one standing

water jousting

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44
Q

Mesopotamia

Cylinder Seal and Modern Impression: ______ ________ (2250-2150 BCE)

A

Hunting Scene

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45
Q

MesoAmerican Ballgame

Rules, Ceremonies, Courts, Crowds

Figurines posing with “________ ______” in their hands, wearing what looks like protective gear and stone yokes

Yokes are ______ _______ designed to protect the body of the ten pound ball used in play

Insignia on the stone belts could be to _____ _____ ______ ______ from the gods during the match, or to add _____ _____ to distinguish yokes from others

A

round balls

waist belts

ask for support from the gods

personal touch

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46
Q

Equipment, Technology, Innovation, Trade

a 1000 years before the ancient greeks held the first Olympic Games in 776 BCE the __________ were using the local latex bearing _____ of the Mesoamerican lowlands to produce ________

The name “Olmecs” was given by the Aztecs, in Nahuatl, it translates to _______ _______

Balls weighed around _______ _______

A

Olmecs

trees

rubber

rubber people

10 pounds

47
Q

History as a field of Study

Academic pursuit dedicates to looking at the past, _______ from it, helping _________ the present

A

learning

contextualize

48
Q

History as a process

History can be seen as a _______ of doing research about the _____

A

process

past

49
Q

Lecture 5

Ancient Greece

  1. _____-_______ ______ - Minoans, Mycenea (pre-1100 BCE)
  2. ________-> Iron Age, “_____ ______
    ______” (1100-800 BCE)
  3. _______ (Ancient) Age 700-480 BCE
  4. _______ Age - Persian Wars (490 BCE) to beginning of Hellenistic Kingdoms (300s BCE)
  5. _________ Kingdoms to end of Olympics (393 or 495 CE).
A

Pre-Hellenic Era

Homeric -> Iron Age “Greek Dark Ages” (1100-800 BCE)

Archaic (Ancient) Age 700-480 BCE

Classical Age

Hellenistic Kingdoms

50
Q
  1. Pre-Hellenic Era

Known as the “B______ A_____” - 3000-1100 BCE

M________ -> C______

Myceneans ______ to _____ BC

Who did Bull Leaping

What War happened in this Era? 1194-1184 NCE

A

Bronze Age

Minoans -> Cretans

1160 to 1100 BC

Minoan Bull Leaping

The trojan war

51
Q
  1. Homeric - 1100-750 BCE

The period from XI - IX centuries BCE in the history of Ancient Greece has two names: the _____ _______ or the Period of the ______ ______

These names are not chosen by chance. It is called Homeric because Homer’s poems “Iliad” and “Odyssey” are the only _______ ______ _____ ____ ______ _____ ______

A

Homeric period

or the period of the Dark Ages

historical source for studying this historical period

52
Q

Homeric Funeral Games

Homeric Greeks generally are “______ __________ _______”

A

preparing for war

53
Q
  1. Ancient or Archaic Age - 750-480 BCE

Known as the age in which the p_____, or c____ s______ was invented

A

polis, or city-state was invented

54
Q

What became the defining feature of Greek political for hundreds of years?

A

The polis

55
Q
  1. Classical - 510-323 BCE

Also known as “_______ _______”

This was the era of a___, s_____, p______, m_______, s______ t_______ in all of these

Era of P________

______ - Striving -> Excelling
______ - competition, contest, gathering

History makers of this era:

A

Golden Age

art, speech, poetry, music, specific training in all of these

Philosophies

Arete

Agon

Socrates

Plato

Aristotle

56
Q

Sparta Vs Athens

Sparta

What was the ultimate military state?

Citizens are to serve the state as ______ or as ______ _______ of soldiers

Education in Sparta was all about ______ _____

Women were also in training in Sparta? T or F

A

Sparta

soldiers or as child-bearers of soldiers

military skills

T

57
Q

Athens (Athenians)

Education was much more ______ Still outside the home, but more about _________ ________

Training and selection by paidotribres (_______)

The Palaestra is what?

Rooms for _____ ______

A

rounded

physical education

Palaestra

Place the Greeks would go to train

different activities

58
Q

Ancient Greek Olympics were when?

Early years, just the run (________), just local area people

More events added as the years went on

A

776 BCE, Official list of victors dates to 776 BCE, started before that date

59
Q

Other Athletic Festivals

Olympic Games part of “____-______ _____”

P______ Games (Delphi) - honour _____

I_______ Games (Corinth) - honour _______

N______Games - honour _____

A

Pan-Hellenic Games

Pynthian Games - honour Apollo

Isthmian Games - honour Poseidon

Nemean Games - honour Zeus

60
Q

Olympic Events - Running

Originally the ______ 180m (600ft)

Dialos (______ _____)

Dolichos (_______ ______)

A

stade

double stade

distance event

61
Q

Horse Races

Took place on a _________ outside Olympia

What type of riding?

A

floodplain

Bareback

62
Q

Chariot Racing

Teams of?

for what type of people? Wealthy or Poor? For Women or No?

A

two or four

Wealthy greeks, some women

63
Q

Wrestling

Wrestling was considered the ultimate athletic contest

T or F

A

T

64
Q

Boxing

Boxing was ______ and _______ only

Fought until opponent was ____ ______

They used thongs on hand T or F

A

upright and head shots only too

Fought until opponent was knocked out

T

65
Q

Penthalon

Comination of _____ events

S____, W_______, J______, J______, D_____

A

five

stade, wrestling, jumping, javelin, discus

66
Q

Diskos

What was diskos?

A

Heavy disk made out of stone

67
Q

Javelin

Evolved to be _____ rather than accuracy

A

distance

68
Q

Jumping

Jumping is the most different from today T or F

Involved he use of “______”, heavy weights

A

T

Halteres

69
Q

Why did the Greek fight in the nude?

Mainly for _____ _____

Could also be for _________, _________

A

shock value

superstition, religious

70
Q

Olympic Truce was what?

A

the idea that all war stopped

71
Q

Competitiveness at games

Early notions of “________” in the ancient games

What is amateurism?

What was the ancient prayer?

Winning was the only thing that mattered, what was second place considered?

A

amateurism

the practicing of an activity, especially a sport, on an unpaid rather than a professional basis.

“Give me victory or give me death”

Second place was considered disgraceful

72
Q

What is victory “akoniti” translated as?

A

Translated as without dust

73
Q

The Pan-Hellenic Games did not award valuable prizes but they were:

But other games and festivals DID award prizes like what games?

A

Given awards by their cities, supporters and “benefactors”

funeral games

74
Q
  1. Hellenistic

This era is Greek history after the death of ______ _____ _______ _____ ______ in 323 BCE

A

The King Alexander the Great

75
Q

Lecture 6

Roman Republic

Started with what?

A

Overthrow of the Etruscans

76
Q

What famous person that you would know is a part of this era?

Under the Ceasars, the Roman Empire slowly did what?

A

Julius Ceasar, 44 BCE

slowly expand to take over the “known” world.

77
Q

Rome is not known for philosophy or art, as were the Greeks, but what were they known for?

A

Excellence in administration, law, structural architecture

78
Q

Who were the backbone of Roman Life?

A

Slaves

79
Q

What was the campus Maritius?

All males or males and females?

A

Place outside the walls for training in military skills.

Males

80
Q

Military was extremely important to the Romans?

T or F s

A

T

81
Q

T or F

Romans not impressed with Greek Sport, as theirs was the philosophy of the body. They thought palestra, indoor training was a waste of time.

T or F

Greeks initially revolted by Roman idea of games, slowly came around to buy into them

A

T

T

82
Q

T or F

In the Early Republic, people did not keep physically fit and engaged in athletic contests but they did in formal competition.

A

F

In the early republic, people did keep physically fit, and engaged in athletic contests, BUT THEY DID NOT in formal competition.

83
Q

T or F

The Romans did not have a deep love of board games and gambling

A

F

The Romans did have a deep love of board games and gambling

84
Q

In the LATE Republic/Empire Era: There was LESS interest in what?

Roman became a nation of? (love Mass entertainment, spectacle, and carnage).

A

There was less interest in personal physical fitness

Spectators

85
Q

Festivals, Spectacles and Games in Roman initially started out as religious festivals, events honouring the ______ on the calendar, and later, took on _______and other purposes.

A

Gods

political

86
Q

Gladiators were a part of was country?

Gladiators symbol that good soldiers __________ weak soldiers _______

Earliest gladiator was called what?

A

Rome

privileges

die

Samnite

87
Q

Gladiators that were good fighters became heroes, famous and rich though gifts

T or F

If gladiators fought well, they could be spared by the crowd

T or F

A

T

T

88
Q

There was only one type of gladiator

T or F

The Scvtarii were fighters with what type of shield?

The Parmvlarii were fighters with what type of shield?

A

F

There were many different types of gladiators all symbolic to Rome’s enemies.

large shields

small shields

89
Q

The Murmillo Gladiator was what?

The Retiarius Gladiator was what?

A

a heavy weight gladiator, carrying a large, oblong shield (scutum)

The retiarius is the most vulnerable of all the gladiators. He only has a shoulder-guard and a trident.

90
Q

Rome had Gladiator school where people were sent to train, learn technique

T or F

A

T

91
Q

The Flavian Amphitheatre was also called? Sat 50000 people

A

The colloseum

92
Q

Did the colosseum separate people by their class?

A

Yes

93
Q

Why did Rome do Bread and Circuses?

A

Political, Emotional, symbolic, display

Gain political support

Emotional outlet

Symbolic to keep peoples spirits up of a war-wear people

Display of Rome’s power over others

94
Q

What race was big in Rome?

A

Chariot Racing

95
Q

Where did the Chariot Racing take place that could seat 150000-260000

A

Circus Maximus

96
Q

Where was Circus Maximus?

A

In Rome

97
Q

Usually how many chariots in a race?

How many horses per chariot?

A

4 can be up to the number 12

4

98
Q

What sport was the world’s first branded sports fans? Where they would wear team colours in their sash?

A

Chariot Racing

99
Q

Lecture 7

When did the Roman Empire End ?

A

10000 BCE

100
Q

T or F

The Romans were influenced by the Greeks in other areas such as: trade, banking, administration, art, literature, philosophy and earth science

A

T

101
Q

Where was the Stadium of Domination?

A

Inside of Campus Martius

102
Q

Domitian instated what games?

A

Capitoline Games

103
Q

The capitoline games were specific _______ ______ games, and they were held every four years. This is still a tradition held by today’s contemporary Olympic Games

A

Greek-style

104
Q

Circus

A
105
Q

Lecture 7

Who were the byzantines?

A

Also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, and was a medieval state

106
Q

The Byzantine Empire had its capital in Constantinople which was strategically located where?

A

at the crossroads of Europe and Asia

107
Q

The Byzantines blended Roman culture with their greek background

T or F

A

T

108
Q

Dark Ages were from when?

Middle Ages (European) were from when?

A

500 - 900CE

Anywhere from 800s - late 1400s CE

109
Q

What was super present in the Middle Ages?

A

Christianity

110
Q

Chivalry - Physical Training as social education in medieval period

System of ______ of knights for military service & social life, ladies for court life

A

Class of nobles pledged to fight for liege lord, defend their people

training

111
Q

Chivalric Training,

_____ age 7-14
_____14-21
______ from then on

A

page
squire
knight

112
Q

What was the melee?

A

Early tournaments where knights would split into groups and fighting

113
Q

What was the Joust?

A

It was initially a side event in the medieval tournament. Where two knights would ride at each other with lance

114
Q

Why did people risk themselves in the melee or joust?

A

Economic gain
Fighting for your lady
Renown or reputation

Nutrition - Kin 3481 (11 decks)

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