RSS 1042 Midterm #1 Flashcards
Lecture 1
What are the goals of history of Physical Activity
To identify and describe patterns of change and stability in physical activity in specific societies of cultures during specific periods.
Why is studying history valuable in a multi-disciplinary field like kinesiology?
Studying history is a valuable field like kinesiology because it allows us to see how knowledge has advanced in the field and its sub-disciplines. It also gives insight into the mistakes made in the past and into how the field ended up with as many disciplines as it has now.
Lecture 2
Who paved the way for women to take part in men-only marathons ?
Katherine Switzer
What is history?
History is the study of change, or lack of change, over time.” Mechikoff & Estes (2006).
History can be as:
Something that has happened
A field of study
A process
History as Something that happened
Elements include:
People
Time
Change/Continuity
People:
Ultimately in human history, ______ are at the core
What they did _____ & _______
people
causes & consequences
Traditional history has looked at “_____ ______ ______” of the past; big events
“great white men” of the past; big events
__________ history interested in what people did, what it meant to them
______ history is under that
Traditional
Sports
Time:
Time is a key component as we’re talking about “_____ _____”
the past
The further away something is, the more we make __________ about it
The closer we get to the current, the shorter the time period we ______ ________
generalizations i
consider significant
Important to consider events ___ ______ _______ _______
Not put judgement on the past _____ ___ ______ ____ _____ ______
in their time period
based on where we are now
Used to be BC and AD but it was a one-sided religious connotation, so now its ______ and _____
BCE = Before Common Era
CE = Common Era
Change/Continuity:
Important element n history is ____ and ____ things change (or not)
how and why
Usually questions of _______ however, evolution is a loaded word, generally taken to mean progress
evolution
Change does not necessarily mean _______
progress
Who talked about “Progress traps”?
He believed in _____ progress back to Victorian era
Ronald Wright
unfettered
What if progress leads us into a trap?
nuclear weapons, agricultural chemicals, the overall global environment
History as a field of study
It is an academic pursuit dedicated to looking at the past ________ ____ ____, helping ___________ the present
learning from it, helping contextualize the present
Two ways of approaching historical research/writing
- _________ History
describe the events ___ ___ _______
Focus on the narrative ______ _______ version of history - the what
descriptive history
as they happened
story telling
- _______ History
Provide and interpretation or reinterpretation of events - the ____ and ______
Often structures as an _________
Interpretive History
how and why
argument
History as a process
History can be seen as a process ____ ______ _____ _____ ____ ______
Involves ______ data, _______ and ______ it, making _________ and _________, communicating them
of doing research about the past
collecting data
analyizng and criticizing it
making interpretations and conclusions
Questioning of sources
Influence of _____ on ways of seeing the ______
present on ways of seeing the past
Types of sources
______ sources
_____ with event
_______ accounts, media, reports, photos, letters etc.
The _____ that the historian ____
Primary sources
contemporary with event
eyewitness accounts
evidence, collects
_______ sources
Post-facto, usually a history written ______ _______
Monographs, textbooks, magazine articles, historical documentary film, etc.
about something
What is Sport history?
History of competitive _____ , physical _____, physical ______
however it goes beyond that. Things we’d define as sport are dominant, but ___________________
Topics include m________, physical c_____, r_____, l_____, kinesiology s___________
sport, activities, culture
its far more than just sport
movement, physical culture, recreation, leisure, kinesiology subdisciplines.
Sport history is a ___ ______ of kinesiology, been around since late 1960s
sub-discipline
Why study history?
Learning from ____
context for the ______
past
present
Lecture 3
Emphasis of athletic ritual as a _______ and _______ statement
religious and political
Egypt
From at least 3000 B.C.E, ______ _________ was a necessary sign of a _________ fitness to rule.
physical prowess
pharaoh’s fitness to rule
The pharaoh was representative of ________ on earth requiring him to maintain _______ against the forces of chaos, and had to be seen as the mightiest _______ most successful _____, and swiftest ________
divinity, order, archer, hunter, runner
The pharaoh commemorating the thirtieth anniversary of his enthronement would formally prove his fitness by competing a ______ ________ in a jubilee known as the ______ of ______
ceremonial run
festival of Sed
The pharaohs most celebrates for their _____ _________ were the _______ monarchs of the Eighteenth Dynasty
athletic achievements
martial monarchs
The Egyptians appeared to be less passionate about _______
horses
Mesopotamia
“______ of ______”
Early _______, _______
Cradle of civilization
boxing, wrestling
Indus Valley (India, Pakistan, Afghanistan),
Shiva (Mahadeva) - the Great God - _______
Indus Valley is where the _____ _____ was made
Yoga
Early Toy
China
Peking Man _____ ______ ______
Han period, ______ (a form of soccer)
Earliest reference to ______
Runner Hunter Warrior
cuju
sumo
Andes
The ____ _____ is an extinct, pre-Columbian civilization, developed in the northern Andean highlands of Peru arounds 900 BCE, also ending in around 250 BCE
Chavin culture
MesoAmerica
The ritual of Mesoamerican Ball game
_____ played by _______ (1800 BCE)
Fascination with ______ shape
Used a Hard _____ ball - access to the _______
Use of _____ to strike
“____ ____ ____”
Ulama played by Olmecs (1800 BCE)
sphere
Used a Hard Rubber Ball access to the trees
Use of sticks to strike
“God’s Ball Court”
Sport-like physical activity among some of the earliest civilizations highlight and emphasis of athletic ritual as a _____ and _____ statement
Guttman, 1992, Cordes, 1988
religious and political
Lecture 4
Who were the earliest to us bow and arrows?
The first composite bow was produced by the:
Egypt
Egyptians
Sed Festival - Jubilee Festival - ____________ run
ceremonial
Fisherman’s Joust
Conflict Resolution 2800 BCE: ____ _______ ______ ___________
Practice of _____ _______ to solve disputes and conflicts between individuals or villages. Men would fight each other with long poles that had razor sharp points at the end, without protection.
the last one standing
water jousting
Mesopotamia
Cylinder Seal and Modern Impression: ______ ________ (2250-2150 BCE)
Hunting Scene
MesoAmerican Ballgame
Rules, Ceremonies, Courts, Crowds
Figurines posing with “________ ______” in their hands, wearing what looks like protective gear and stone yokes
Yokes are ______ _______ designed to protect the body of the ten pound ball used in play
Insignia on the stone belts could be to _____ _____ ______ ______ from the gods during the match, or to add _____ _____ to distinguish yokes from others
round balls
waist belts
ask for support from the gods
personal touch
Equipment, Technology, Innovation, Trade
a 1000 years before the ancient greeks held the first Olympic Games in 776 BCE the __________ were using the local latex bearing _____ of the Mesoamerican lowlands to produce ________
The name “Olmecs” was given by the Aztecs, in Nahuatl, it translates to _______ _______
Balls weighed around _______ _______
Olmecs
trees
rubber
rubber people
10 pounds
History as a field of Study
Academic pursuit dedicates to looking at the past, _______ from it, helping _________ the present
learning
contextualize
History as a process
History can be seen as a _______ of doing research about the _____
process
past
Lecture 5
Ancient Greece
- _____-_______ ______ - Minoans, Mycenea (pre-1100 BCE)
- ________-> Iron Age, “_____ ______
______” (1100-800 BCE) - _______ (Ancient) Age 700-480 BCE
- _______ Age - Persian Wars (490 BCE) to beginning of Hellenistic Kingdoms (300s BCE)
- _________ Kingdoms to end of Olympics (393 or 495 CE).
Pre-Hellenic Era
Homeric -> Iron Age “Greek Dark Ages” (1100-800 BCE)
Archaic (Ancient) Age 700-480 BCE
Classical Age
Hellenistic Kingdoms
- Pre-Hellenic Era
Known as the “B______ A_____” - 3000-1100 BCE
M________ -> C______
Myceneans ______ to _____ BC
Who did Bull Leaping
What War happened in this Era? 1194-1184 NCE
Bronze Age
Minoans -> Cretans
1160 to 1100 BC
Minoan Bull Leaping
The trojan war
- Homeric - 1100-750 BCE
The period from XI - IX centuries BCE in the history of Ancient Greece has two names: the _____ _______ or the Period of the ______ ______
These names are not chosen by chance. It is called Homeric because Homer’s poems “Iliad” and “Odyssey” are the only _______ ______ _____ ____ ______ _____ ______
Homeric period
or the period of the Dark Ages
historical source for studying this historical period
Homeric Funeral Games
Homeric Greeks generally are “______ __________ _______”
preparing for war
- Ancient or Archaic Age - 750-480 BCE
Known as the age in which the p_____, or c____ s______ was invented
polis, or city-state was invented
What became the defining feature of Greek political for hundreds of years?
The polis
- Classical - 510-323 BCE
Also known as “_______ _______”
This was the era of a___, s_____, p______, m_______, s______ t_______ in all of these
Era of P________
______ - Striving -> Excelling
______ - competition, contest, gathering
History makers of this era:
Golden Age
art, speech, poetry, music, specific training in all of these
Philosophies
Arete
Agon
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Sparta Vs Athens
Sparta
What was the ultimate military state?
Citizens are to serve the state as ______ or as ______ _______ of soldiers
Education in Sparta was all about ______ _____
Women were also in training in Sparta? T or F
Sparta
soldiers or as child-bearers of soldiers
military skills
T
Athens (Athenians)
Education was much more ______ Still outside the home, but more about _________ ________
Training and selection by paidotribres (_______)
The Palaestra is what?
Rooms for _____ ______
rounded
physical education
Palaestra
Place the Greeks would go to train
different activities
Ancient Greek Olympics were when?
Early years, just the run (________), just local area people
More events added as the years went on
776 BCE, Official list of victors dates to 776 BCE, started before that date
Other Athletic Festivals
Olympic Games part of “____-______ _____”
P______ Games (Delphi) - honour _____
I_______ Games (Corinth) - honour _______
N______Games - honour _____
Pan-Hellenic Games
Pynthian Games - honour Apollo
Isthmian Games - honour Poseidon
Nemean Games - honour Zeus
Olympic Events - Running
Originally the ______ 180m (600ft)
Dialos (______ _____)
Dolichos (_______ ______)
stade
double stade
distance event
Horse Races
Took place on a _________ outside Olympia
What type of riding?
floodplain
Bareback
Chariot Racing
Teams of?
for what type of people? Wealthy or Poor? For Women or No?
two or four
Wealthy greeks, some women
Wrestling
Wrestling was considered the ultimate athletic contest
T or F
T
Boxing
Boxing was ______ and _______ only
Fought until opponent was ____ ______
They used thongs on hand T or F
upright and head shots only too
Fought until opponent was knocked out
T
Penthalon
Comination of _____ events
S____, W_______, J______, J______, D_____
five
stade, wrestling, jumping, javelin, discus
Diskos
What was diskos?
Heavy disk made out of stone
Javelin
Evolved to be _____ rather than accuracy
distance
Jumping
Jumping is the most different from today T or F
Involved he use of “______”, heavy weights
T
Halteres
Why did the Greek fight in the nude?
Mainly for _____ _____
Could also be for _________, _________
shock value
superstition, religious
Olympic Truce was what?
the idea that all war stopped
Competitiveness at games
Early notions of “________” in the ancient games
What is amateurism?
What was the ancient prayer?
Winning was the only thing that mattered, what was second place considered?
amateurism
the practicing of an activity, especially a sport, on an unpaid rather than a professional basis.
“Give me victory or give me death”
Second place was considered disgraceful
What is victory “akoniti” translated as?
Translated as without dust
The Pan-Hellenic Games did not award valuable prizes but they were:
But other games and festivals DID award prizes like what games?
Given awards by their cities, supporters and “benefactors”
funeral games
- Hellenistic
This era is Greek history after the death of ______ _____ _______ _____ ______ in 323 BCE
The King Alexander the Great
Lecture 6
Roman Republic
Started with what?
Overthrow of the Etruscans
What famous person that you would know is a part of this era?
Under the Ceasars, the Roman Empire slowly did what?
Julius Ceasar, 44 BCE
slowly expand to take over the “known” world.
Rome is not known for philosophy or art, as were the Greeks, but what were they known for?
Excellence in administration, law, structural architecture
Who were the backbone of Roman Life?
Slaves
What was the campus Maritius?
All males or males and females?
Place outside the walls for training in military skills.
Males
Military was extremely important to the Romans?
T or F s
T
T or F
Romans not impressed with Greek Sport, as theirs was the philosophy of the body. They thought palestra, indoor training was a waste of time.
T or F
Greeks initially revolted by Roman idea of games, slowly came around to buy into them
T
T
T or F
In the Early Republic, people did not keep physically fit and engaged in athletic contests but they did in formal competition.
F
In the early republic, people did keep physically fit, and engaged in athletic contests, BUT THEY DID NOT in formal competition.
T or F
The Romans did not have a deep love of board games and gambling
F
The Romans did have a deep love of board games and gambling
In the LATE Republic/Empire Era: There was LESS interest in what?
Roman became a nation of? (love Mass entertainment, spectacle, and carnage).
There was less interest in personal physical fitness
Spectators
Festivals, Spectacles and Games in Roman initially started out as religious festivals, events honouring the ______ on the calendar, and later, took on _______and other purposes.
Gods
political
Gladiators were a part of was country?
Gladiators symbol that good soldiers __________ weak soldiers _______
Earliest gladiator was called what?
Rome
privileges
die
Samnite
Gladiators that were good fighters became heroes, famous and rich though gifts
T or F
If gladiators fought well, they could be spared by the crowd
T or F
T
T
There was only one type of gladiator
T or F
The Scvtarii were fighters with what type of shield?
The Parmvlarii were fighters with what type of shield?
F
There were many different types of gladiators all symbolic to Rome’s enemies.
large shields
small shields
The Murmillo Gladiator was what?
The Retiarius Gladiator was what?
a heavy weight gladiator, carrying a large, oblong shield (scutum)
The retiarius is the most vulnerable of all the gladiators. He only has a shoulder-guard and a trident.
Rome had Gladiator school where people were sent to train, learn technique
T or F
T
The Flavian Amphitheatre was also called? Sat 50000 people
The colloseum
Did the colosseum separate people by their class?
Yes
Why did Rome do Bread and Circuses?
Political, Emotional, symbolic, display
Gain political support
Emotional outlet
Symbolic to keep peoples spirits up of a war-wear people
Display of Rome’s power over others
What race was big in Rome?
Chariot Racing
Where did the Chariot Racing take place that could seat 150000-260000
Circus Maximus
Where was Circus Maximus?
In Rome
Usually how many chariots in a race?
How many horses per chariot?
4 can be up to the number 12
4
What sport was the world’s first branded sports fans? Where they would wear team colours in their sash?
Chariot Racing
Lecture 7
When did the Roman Empire End ?
10000 BCE
T or F
The Romans were influenced by the Greeks in other areas such as: trade, banking, administration, art, literature, philosophy and earth science
T
Where was the Stadium of Domination?
Inside of Campus Martius
Domitian instated what games?
Capitoline Games
The capitoline games were specific _______ ______ games, and they were held every four years. This is still a tradition held by today’s contemporary Olympic Games
Greek-style
Circus
Lecture 7
Who were the byzantines?
Also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, and was a medieval state
The Byzantine Empire had its capital in Constantinople which was strategically located where?
at the crossroads of Europe and Asia
The Byzantines blended Roman culture with their greek background
T or F
T
Dark Ages were from when?
Middle Ages (European) were from when?
500 - 900CE
Anywhere from 800s - late 1400s CE
What was super present in the Middle Ages?
Christianity
Chivalry - Physical Training as social education in medieval period
System of ______ of knights for military service & social life, ladies for court life
Class of nobles pledged to fight for liege lord, defend their people
training
Chivalric Training,
_____ age 7-14
_____14-21
______ from then on
page
squire
knight
What was the melee?
Early tournaments where knights would split into groups and fighting
What was the Joust?
It was initially a side event in the medieval tournament. Where two knights would ride at each other with lance
Why did people risk themselves in the melee or joust?
Economic gain
Fighting for your lady
Renown or reputation
