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Geography > Water Resources > Flashcards

Water Resources Flashcards

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1
Q

define water resource

A

refers to any of the entire range of natural waters that occur on earth and are of potential use to living beings

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2
Q

define surface water

A

water on land is the result of precipitation or seepage from underground which forms streams, lakes, rivers and ponds flowing on land and finally joining the sea

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3
Q

define groundwater

A

water which seeps through cracks and crevices under the surface of the earth

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3
Q

define aquifer

A

an undergroundwater stream that is saturated with water and transmits water readily

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4
Q

why is groundwater declining?

A

due to increase in population, irrigation and industrialization, decline of groundwater has taken place and demand has risen

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5
Q

need to conserve water

A
  1. overexploitation of ground water leads to lowering of water table
  2. loss of vegetation leads to drought and less rainfall, lowering water table
  3. irrigation uses more than 90% of fresh water
  4. increase in population leads to water scarcity
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6
Q

define rainwater harvesting

A

process of increasing the recharge of groundwater by capturing and storing rainwater locally in sub-surface water reservoirs

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7
Q

objectives/ advantages of rainwater harvesting

A
  1. avoiding flooding of roads
  2. reducing groundwater pollution
  3. reducing soil erosion
  4. improving quality of groundwater
  5. reducing runoff which chokes drains
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8
Q

names of water harvesting

A

western himalayas: Khatri/Kuhl
gangetic plains: Baolis/Dighis
Central india: Johads
Deccan plateau: Bhandaras/ Kere
Western Ghats: Surangam
Eastern Ghats: Korambu
Ladakh: Zing

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9
Q

define watershed management

A

efficient management and conservation of both surface and groundwater resources

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10
Q

advantages of watershed management

A
  1. prevents runoff
  2. storage and recharge of groundwater by percolation pits, borewells, dugwells, etc
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11
Q

why does cherrapunji too lack drinking water?

A

because the rainfall occurs in short spells of high intensity. Most of the rain falling on the surface tends to flow away rapidly, leaving very little for the recharge of groundwater

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12
Q

water harvesting methods

A
  1. catchments
  2. conduits
  3. storage facility
  4. recharge facility
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13
Q

define catchments

A

the surface which receives rainfall directly

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14
Q

define conduits

A

pipelines or drains that carry rainwater from the catchment or rooftop to the harvesting system

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15
Q

how to store rainwater

A

using an underground Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) or masonry tank

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16
Q

define rooftop rainwater harvesting

A

process of water harvesting in which rainfall falling on a roof is diverted through drain pipes to storage container

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17
Q

recharging groundwater aquifers

A
  1. borewells and dugwells- used to raise underground water table by collecting rainwater on rooftop then diverting by drainpipes to filtration tank, to borewell
  2. recharge pit- excavated into ground, lined with brick, openings at regular intervals, without purification
  3. percolation pit- bored hole of 30 cm diameter, drilled at a depth of 3 to 10 m, with purification
  4. recharge trenches
  5. permeable surfaces
  6. porous tiles
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18
Q

define irrigation

A

process of watering of agricultural plants through artificial means from wells, tanks, tubewells, canals

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19
Q

need for irrigation

A
  1. uncertainty of rainfall
  2. uneven distribution of rainfall
  3. crop requirements
  4. nature of soil
  5. utilise river water efficiently
  6. maximise production
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20
Q

crop requirement

A
  1. most crops do not require water while maturing, but grain crops require more water during the time ear heads are formed
  2. different kharif, rabi, zaid crops require different amounts of water
  3. HYV crops need more chemical fertilizers, and more moisture
  4. commercial crops like sugarcane need more water
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21
Q

define wells

A

a small hole dug in the surface of the earth to obtain water from the water table for irrigation and other purposes
practiced where depth of water does not exceed 15 m

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22
Q

types of wells

A
  1. Lined: manmade, artificially constructed by digging into the ground and supporting by bricks
  2. unlined: formed by different natural phenomena, not protected by lining walls a
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23
Q

area of well irrigation

A

alluvial plains, where wells can be easily dug
near perennial rivers
andhra, karnataka, tamil nadu, punjab, UP, MP

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24
Q

water from well is lifted using what methods?

A
  1. persian wheel method
  2. lever method
  3. inclined plane method
25
Q

persian wheel method

A
  1. partly submerged vertical wheel with buckets attached to the rim. wheel is turned by draught animals
  2. Punjab, haryana, western rajasthan
26
Q

lever method

A
  1. lifting water from shallow height of 3.5 m to 4.5 m
  2. Bihar and Andhra pradesh
27
Q

inclined plane method

A
  1. AKA mhote
  2. pair of bullocks move down from the slope, constructed from the wall of the well, a bucket which is discharged into the connecting channel pulling from behind
28
Q

advantages of well irrigation

A
  1. low cost
  2. oxen which are used to plough lands can also be used for drawing water at no extra cost
  3. by use of pumps and tubewells, water can be lifted from even greater depths
29
Q

disadvantages of well irrigation

A
  1. depend on underground water resources whose distribution varies from region to region
  2. difficult to dig wells in hilly regions and stony regions
  3. traditional wells dry up due to over-withdrawal of groundwater and lowering of water table
  4. availability of electricity and diesel to operate tubewells in costly
30
Q

define tubewell

A

deeper well at a depth from which water is lifted up with the help of power driven pumps.

31
Q

why is tubewell AKA lift method

A

water is lifted from a depth of 20-30 m

32
Q

why are wells an independent source?

A

because they provide water from perennial rivers

33
Q

conditions to drill tubewell

A
  1. availability of plentiful water at great depth
  2. level land and soft soil
  3. large fertile area in its surrounding area to be irrigated
  4. availabilty of regular cheap electricity
34
Q

locations of tubewells

A

punjab, haryana, UP, bihar, west bengal, rajasthan, madhya pradesh

35
Q

advantages of tubewell

A
  1. independent source of irrigation
  2. brings clean water
  3. irrigates large area of agricultural land
  4. easier to bring up large amount of water in a short period of time
  5. perennial means of irrigation as it is drilled up to a permanent water table
36
Q

disadvantages of tube well

A
  1. excessive use can lead to depletion of groundwater
  2. useless if the water is brackish
  3. expensive as it needs continuous electricity
37
Q

types of canals

A
  1. inundation canals
  2. perennial canals
38
Q

innundation canals

A
  1. taken out directly from rivers without constructing any barrage or dam.
  2. use excess water of rivers during floods and operational in rainy season
39
Q

why are inundation canals of limited use

A

their beds are a level higher than those of the rivers, so they only get water when rivers are in flood

40
Q

perennial canals

A
  1. taken out from perennial rivers by constructing barrage or dams to regulate the flow
  2. throughout the year
  3. irrigate large areas
41
Q

location of canal irrigation

A

andhra pradesh,
uttar pradesh
madhya pradesh
rajasthan
haryana
jammu and kashmir
assam
tripura
bihar
odisha
TN

42
Q

advantages of canal irrigation

A
  1. rainfall deficiency in some areas is made up by canals
  2. in arid areas, it is due to canal irrigation that sandy patches yield good agricultural harvest
  3. canal irrigation has enabled punjab and haryana to be called ‘granary of the country; and nucleus of green revolution
43
Q

disadvantages of canal irrigation

A
  1. can make once cultivable soil completely waterlogged. complete saturation of soil may give rise to swamps
  2. alkaline salts come to the surface, mix with soil, make it unproductive
  3. due to waterlogging, capacity of soil to absorb water decreased
44
Q

define tanks

A

a small bund of earth or stones built across a stream to impound water which is then led through narrow channels to the cultivated fields

45
Q

tanks are special in the Deccan region due to:

A
  1. rivers of deccan are non perennial, and dependant on rainwater
  2. many streams become torrential during rainy season but dry in summer
  3. hard rocks in the area do no absorb water , but tanks help in storing water in hollow spaces
  4. terrain is uneven with many natural depressions where tanks can easily be built
46
Q

locations of tank irrigation

A

andhra pradesh (Nellore)
telangana (Warangal)
west bengal
rajasthan
tamil nadu (Chingleput, Arcot)

47
Q

advantages of tank irrigation

A
  1. useful where rainfall is highly seasonal, and terrain is uneven
  2. in rock terrain, wells and canals cannot be built, so tanks are used
  3. stores abundant rainwater that would otherwise flow out and go waste
48
Q

disadvantages of tank irrigation

A
  1. tanks get silted up soon and regular desilting is required
  2. not dependable because they go dry when monsoons fail
  3. become dry during winter and summer when water is needed for rabi and zaid crops
  4. occupy large fertile area
49
Q

why does huge quantity of water stored in tanks cannot be used in irrigation

A

due to large area coverage and shallow depth, water either evaporates or sinks underground

50
Q

drawbacks of conventional method of irrigation

A
  1. large amount of water is not properly utilised
  2. crops are subjected to cyclic changes of flooding and water stress situations
  3. fields situated in low areas always get excess water causing prolonged water logging
51
Q

why are arid regions no longer used for cultivation

A

due to accumulation of salts. excessive irrigation and poor water management are the main reasons of waterlogging and gradual buildup of excessive salts

52
Q

modern irrigation methods

A
  1. furrow irrigation
  2. drip irrigation
  3. spray irrigation
  4. sprinkler irrigation
53
Q

disadvantage of spray irrigation

A
  1. expensive
  2. complex machinery
  3. water lost through evaporation
  4. plant diseases caused due to excessive watering
54
Q

advantage of spray irrigation

A

uses water more efficiently
reduces amount of water needed to irrigate field

55
Q

most advanced and efficient method of irrigation

A

drip irrigation

56
Q

advantages of drip irrigation

A

1.evaporation is reduced because water is supplied along root lines
2. irrigation water is conserved
3. grower can customise an irrigation program most beneficial to each crop

57
Q

why is sprinkler irrigation known as overhead irrigation method

A

in this method, a pipe fitted with a nozzle on the top is used through which water is sprayed directly to the required plants

58
Q

advantages of sprinkler irrigation

A
  1. no loss by seepage
  2. no loss by evaporation
59
Q

disadvantages of sprinkler irrigation

A
  1. expensive
  2. helpful only for small area
  3. only used for crops which need less water

Geography (14 decks)

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